Table 2.
Univariate Cox proportional analyses of the factors associated with renal outcome.
| Variables | Diabetes | Non-diabetes | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|
| HR (95% CI) | p | HR (95% CI) | p | |
| Age (per 10-year period) | 1.46 (1.02–2.07) | 0.034 | 1.83 (1.49–2.25) | < 0.001 |
| Gender (female = 0, male = 1) | 0.83 (0.41–1.70) | 0.619 | 1.56 (0.99–2.48) | 0.054 |
| Body mass index (< 25 kg/m2 = 0, ≥ 25 kg/m2 = 1) | 1.26 (0.62–2.56) | 0.515 | 0.90 (0.54–1.48) | 0.680 |
| Current smoking (no = 0, yes = 1) | 0.61 (0.25–1.50) | 0.285 | 1.09 (0.63–1.88) | 0.748 |
| Past history of CVD (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.83 (0.86–3.89) | 0.114 | 2.15 (1.15–4.00) | 0.015 |
| Systolic BP | 1.02 (1.00–1.04) | 0.081 | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.701 |
| Diastolic BP | 1.01 (0.98–1.04) | 0.622 | 0.99 (0.98–1.00) | 0.183 |
| LDL-cholesterol | 1.01 (0.99–1.02) | 0.119 | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.295 |
| HDL-cholesterol | 1.00 (0.97–1.02) | 0.951 | 0.98 (0.97–1.00) | 0.147 |
| Triacylglycerol | 0.99 (0.99–1.00) | 0.738 | 1.00 (0.99–1.00) | 0.585 |
| Uric acid | 1.04 (0.82–1.33) | 0.720 | 1.08 (0.90–1.28) | 0.395 |
| Baseline eGFR (per 5 ml/min/1.73 m2) | 0.80 (0.70–0.91) | < 0.001 | 0.56 (0.48–0.64) | < 0.001 |
| Albuminuria (< 30 mg/gCr = 0, ≥ 30 mg/gCr = 1) | 2.67 (1.31–5.42) | 0.006 | 3.56 (2.06–6.14) | < 0.001 |
| Fasting plasma glucose | 1.00 (0.99–1.01) | 0.941 | 1.01 (0.99–1.03) | 0.281 |
| HbA1c | 0.99 (0.76–1.28) | 0.959 | 1.24 (0.61–2.52) | 0.546 |
| Hypertension (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.80 (0.73–4.40) | 0.196 | 3.47 (1.94–6.22) | < 0.001 |
| Dyslipidemia (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.13 (0.53–2.40) | 0.748 | 1.42 (0.89–2.25) | 0.137 |
| Anti-hypertensive drugs | ||||
| Calcium-channel blockers (no = 0, yes = 1) | 2.04 (0.99–4.22) | 0.052 | 2.41 (1.51–3.85) | < 0.001 |
| ACE inhibitor or ARB (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.79 (0.88–3.65) | 0.104 | 1.65 (0.94–2.88) | 0.077 |
| α or β blocker (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.86 (0.65–5.35) | 0.246 | 2.54 (1.49–4.33) | < 0.001 |
| Diuretic agent (no = 0, yes = 1) | 3.65 (1.49–8.94) | 0.004 | 1.64 (0.66–4.07) | 0.285 |
| Statin (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.86 (0.90–3.84) | 0.091 | 2.17 (1.33–3.54) | 0.001 |
| Anti-diabetic drugs | ||||
| DPP-4 inhibitor (no = 0, yes = 1) | 0.87 (0.41–1.85) | 0.725 | N/A | |
| GLP-1 analogue (no = 0, yes = 1) | 2.43 (0.73–8.06) | 0.144 | N/A | |
| Sulfonylurea (no = 0, yes = 1) | 0.51 (0.18–1.47) | 0.217 | N/A | |
| Thiazolidine (no = 0, yes = 1) | 0.66 (0.15–2.81) | 0.582 | N/A | |
| Metformin (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.45 (0.71–2.97) | 0.305 | N/A | |
| SGLT2 inhibitor (no = 0, yes = 1) | N/A | N/A | ||
| Insulin (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.47 (0.65–3.28) | 0.348 | N/A | |
| Diabetes duration | 1.05 (1.01–1.09) | 0.006 | N/A | |
| Diabetic microvascular complications | ||||
| Neuropathy (no = 0, yes = 1) | 1.35 (0.66–2.75) | 0.401 | N/A | |
| Retinopathy (no = 0, yes = 1) | 2.10 (0.89–4.91) | 0.086 | N/A | |
| Nephropathy (no = 0, yes = 1) | 2.11 (1.05–4.24) | 0.035 | N/A | |
| PSQ (no = 0, yes = 1) | 2.90 (1.36–6.18) | 0.005 | 2.40 (1.43–4.03) | < 0.001 |
| Sleep apnea (no = 0, yes = 1) | 2.26 (0.86–5.92) | 0.094 | 2.54 (1.56–4.13) | < 0.001 |
| Low HRV (no = 0, yes = 1) | 2.43 (1.09–5.41) | 0.029 | 1.49 (0.91–2.43) | 0.106 |
DM diabetes mellitus, CVD cardiovascular disease, BP blood pressure, LDL low density lipoprotein, HDL high density lipoprotein, eGFR estimated glomerular filtration rate, ACE angiotensin converting enzyme, ARB angiotensin II receptor blocker, DPP dipeptidyl peptidase, GLP glucagon-like peptide, PSQ poor sleep quality, HRV heart rate variability, NA not applicable, HR hazard ratio, CI confidence interval.