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. 2021 Sep 24;11:19073. doi: 10.1038/s41598-021-98584-7

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© The Author(s) 2021

Open Access This article is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License, which permits use, sharing, adaptation, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, as long as you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons licence, and indicate if changes were made. The images or other third party material in this article are included in the article's Creative Commons licence, unless indicated otherwise in a credit line to the material. If material is not included in the article's Creative Commons licence and your intended use is not permitted by statutory regulation or exceeds the permitted use, you will need to obtain permission directly from the copyright holder. To view a copy of this licence, visit http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/.

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The relationship between (a) body size of a species, (b) flock size, (c) color and (d) commonness and the residuals of a linear model fit between iNaturalist and eBird observations (see Fig. 1). These empirical results demonstrate that there is a strong bias of body size in iNaturalist compared with eBird. Positive values on the y-axis mean over-represented in iNaturalist and negative values on the y-axis mean under-represented in iNaturalist. Body size and flock size are represented on a log10 scale. Each line represents a state (N = 49). For (a)–(c), the overall relationship pooling states is represented by the orange fitted line and 95% confidence interval. The data represented here were then used in our mixed effects model (see Fig. 4 for results).