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. 2021 Feb 9;33:1–13. doi: 10.1016/j.jare.2021.01.019

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© 2021 The Authors. Published by Elsevier B.V. on behalf of Cairo University. This is an open access article under the CC BY license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

This is an open access article under the CC BY-NC-ND license (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-nd/4.0/).

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Fig. 9 — Proposed schema for the role of CSN in promoting germination and seedling emergence of aged sunflower seeds. For aged sunflower seeds, the conversion from triacylglycerol to fatty acid and glycerol and finally to soluble sugars was blocked in the absence of CSN. The abscisic acid (ABA) content in aged seeds was significantly increased. Exogenous CSN application in aged sunflower seeds increased the activities of several key enzymes and transcription of related genes involved in this pathway. Besides, exogenous CSN decreased abscisic acid (ABA) content through the regulation of the gene expressions and activities of metabolism related-enzymes. In conclusion, this model suggested that CSN promoted aged sunflower seed germination and seedling emergence through modulating the metabolism of fatty acids, glycometabolism and ABA.