Table 3.
Summary of N- and O-glycosylation changes associated with endometriosis.
| Sample source/type | Detection technique | Results | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| endometriotic lesions and eutopic endometrium/human endometriotic lesions/mice |
immunofluorescence and immunohistochemistry of tissue samples | Galectin-1 inhibition with monoclonal antibody therapy decreased the size and vascularization area of EMS lesions in mice | Baston et al. 2014 |
| endometrial stromal cells, monocyte-derived dendritic cells from peritoneal fluid/human | isolation, culture, staining, and cell preparation of the cells; flow cytometry; RT-PCR |
rate of mannose receptor-positive myeloid dendritic cells was higher in EMS samples than in the control group; inhibition of mannose receptors reduced phagocytosis of dead endometrial stromal cells | Izumi et al. 2017 |
| endometriotic cyst stromal cells and normal endometrial stromal cells from endometrial tissue/human | protein extraction for lectin microarray; lectin histochemistry; western blot analysis; RT-PCR | Wisteria floribunda agglutinin binding glycans decreased in the stromal components of the ovarian endometriotic cysts; N-acetyl-galactose-aminyl transferaseswere downregulated | Hirakawa et al. 2014 |
| immortalized endometriotic epithelial cells, endometrial cells from adenocarcinoma, endometrial stromal cells, peritoneal mesothelial cells/human; in vivo endometriosis model/mice | cell adhesion assay; lectin blot analysis; lectin fluorescence-activated cell sorting analysis; western blot analysis; RT-PCR; gene knockdown with siRNA | transforming growth factor-β1 increased adhesion of endometrial cells to the mesothelium through induction of α2-6 sialylation | Choi et al. 2018 |
| endometrial and ectopic endometriotic cells from tissue and peritoneal fluid/human | enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay; RT-PCR; lectin immunoblot; transwell migration assay |
ST6GALNAC1 expression decreased and ST6GALNAC5 expression increased in EMS; reduced α-2,6 sialylation in the peritoneal fluid and endometriotic cells; higher migration capacities of desialylated eutopic endometrial stromal cells of EMS group |
Maignien et al. 2019 |
| endometrial tissue/human | electron microscopy; endometrial morphometry; lectin histochemistry; | lack of Dolichos biflorus agglutinin-binding glycans in severe EMS tissue; unusual ultrastructure of proliferative phase phenotype and delayed maturation | Jones et al. 2009, |
| endometrial tissue/human | lectin histochemistry; image analysis | Dolichos biflorus agglutinin-binding glycans significantly decreased in severe EMS tissue and moderated diminish of Vicia villosa agglutinin-binding glycans | Miller et al. 2010 |
| endometrial tissue/human | two-dimensional electrophoresis; western blot; immunofluorescence; | both epithelial and stromal cells produce Glycodelin-A with several glycoforms; abnormal expression of Glycodelin-A in EMS patients during the cycle | Focarelli et al. 2018 |
| serum, ectopic and eutopic endometrium/human | hematoxylin/eosin-staining; immunoblot; SDS-PAGE; modification of carbohydrate epitopes on glycoproteins | autoantibody responses in EMS tissue; lack of glycan moiety of antigens result in loss of antibody binding; autoantibodies react with other Thomsen-Friedenreich antigen-bearing proteins like IgA, haemopexin; autoimmune response may play a direct role in EMS | Lang et all. 2001 |
| serum, endometriotic lesions, non-affected serosal peritoneal tissue/human | recombinant gene over-expression; lectin binding assays; | peritoneal and hepatocellular haptoglobin deviate in N-glycan moiety and mainly in sialylation; increased interaction of peritoneal haptglobin with Maackia amurensis and Lotus tetragonolobuslectin | Piva et al. 2002 |
| serum/human | quantitative sandwich enzyme immunoassay | systemic level of inflammation with different sialylation status in EMS patients | Rasha Z. Jasim et al. 2014 |
| serum/human | HPLC N-glycan characterisation; collection of fasting glucose and epidemiological data | decrease of GP2 (A2B, A1G1, FA2) peak and increase of GP14 (A2BG1, A2G1, M4A1G1, FA2G1, FA2BG1, A1G1S1, FA2G1, M6D1), GP17 (A4F1G4S4, A4G4LacS4) and GP18 (A4F2G4S4) peaks in EMS patients; decrease of GP1 (A2) peak in deep infiltrating EMS samples | Berkes et al. 2013 |
| urine samples/human | two-dimensional electrophoresis with silver staining; on-membrane digestion; MALDI-ToF MS; western blot; CGB lectin affinity separation and LC-MS/MS | level of zinc alpha-2 glycoprotein and alpha 1-acid glycoprotein were significantly increased and the fragment of nebulin and the CD59 levels were decreased in the endometrial cancer group; O-glycosylation of nebulin was barely visible in patients | Mu et al. 2012 |