Figure 1. Flowchart Showing Participant Eligibility and Exclusions.

Data were extracted from the electronic health record and administrative databases using virtual data warehouse databases at each site. Data from January 1, 2005, through December 31, 2013, are included. HbA_1c indicates glycated hemoglobin A_1c. To convert HbA1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01.

^aIdentified based on diagnoses, procedure codes, or laboratory test in the 2 years before the index date unless otherwise indicated.

^bIncludes palliative care, hospice care, or stage IV cancer.

^cIndicates estimated glomerular filtration rate less than 15 mL/min/1.73 m², dialysis, or transplant.