Table 1. Baseline Characteristics of 57 278 Study Participants by Exposure Groupa.
| Variable | Patient groupb | ||
|---|---|---|---|
| All (N = 57 278) | LA plus SA insulin regimen (n = 5961) | LA insulin regimen (n = 51 317) | |
| Demographic details | |||
| Age, mean (SD), y | 60.6 (11.5) | 61.0 (11.7) | 60.6 (11.4) |
| Male | 30 675 (53.6) | 3091 (51.9) | 27 584 (53.8) |
| Female | 26 603 (46.4) | 2870 (48.1) | 23 733 (46.2) |
| Race and ethnicity | |||
| Asian | 6580 (11.5) | 646 (10.8) | 5934 (11.6) |
| Black | 6016 (10.5) | 587 (9.8) | 5429 (10.6) |
| Hawaiian or Pacific Islander | 871 (1.5) | 84 (1.4) | 787 (1.5) |
| Hispanic | 17 010 (29.7) | 1509 (25.3) | 15 501 (30.2) |
| Native American | 306 (0.5) | 35 (0.6) | 271 (0.5) |
| White | 24 911 (43.5) | 2967 (49.8) | 21 944 (42.8) |
| Missing | 1584 (2.8) | 133 (2.2) | 1451 (2.8) |
| Tobacco smoking status | |||
| Current | 7318 (12.8) | 742 (12.4) | 6576 (12.8) |
| Never | 28 108 (49.1) | 2784 (46.7) | 25 324 (49.3) |
| Former | 21 852 (38.2) | 2435 (40.8) | 19 417 (37.8) |
| Comorbidities | |||
| Elixhauser comorbidity score, mean (SD) | 4.7 (2.3) | 5.3 (2.6) | 4.7 (2.3) |
| Hypertension diagnosisc | 45 308 (79.1) | 4836 (81.1) | 40 472 (78.9) |
| CABG surgery or coronary stentd | 1243 (2.2) | 157 (2.76) | 1086 (2.1) |
| Myocardial infarctione | 750 (1.3) | 93 (1.6) | 657 (1.3) |
| CADf | 9030 (15.8) | 1171 (19.6) | 7859 (15.3) |
| Stroke evente | 479 (0.8) | 73 (1.2) | 406 (0.8) |
| CHFg | 3380 (5.9) | 509 (8.5) | 2871 (5.6) |
| Hospitalization for CHFe | 641 (1.1) | 113 (1.9) | 528 (1.0) |
| Laboratory values and vital signs | |||
| eGFR, mean (SD), mL/min/1.73 m2h | 81.4 (23.2) | 76.8 (28.6) | 81.9 (28.1) |
| HbA1c level, mean (SD), %h | 7.7 (0.5) | 7.8 (0.5) | 7.6 (0.5) |
| LDL cholesterol level, mean (SD), mg/dLh | 83.9 (29.8) | 85.2 (31.1) | 83.8 (29.6) |
| Blood pressure, mean (SD), mm Hgh | |||
| Systolic | 126.0 (14.4) | 126.0 (14.9) | 126.0 (14.3) |
| Diastolic | 71.5 (9.7) | 71.2 (9.9) | 71.5 (9.6) |
| BMI, mean (SD)i | 32.8 (7.1) | 33.3 (7.4) | 32.8 (7.0) |
| Treatmentj | |||
| Hypertension medications | 49 298 (86.1) | 5313 (89.1) | 43 985 (85.7) |
| Statins | 46 045 (80.4) | 4868 (81.7) | 41 177 (80.2) |
| Metformin | 38 061 (66.4) | 3688 (61.9) | 34 373 (67.0) |
| Sulfonylurea | 43 293 (75.6) | 4614 (77.4) | 38 679 (75.4) |
| Other diabetes medications | 10 238 (17.9) | 1242 (20.8) | 8996 (17.5) |
Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index (calculated as weight in kilograms divided by height in meters squared); CABG, coronary artery bypass graft; CAD, coronary artery disease; CHF, congestive heart failure; eGFR, estimated glomerular filtration rate; HbA1c , glycated hemoglobin A1c; IQR, interquartile range; LA, long-acting; LA plus SA, long-acting plus short-acting; LDL, low-density lipoprotein.
SI conversion factor: To convert HbA1c to proportion of total hemoglobin, multiply by 0.01; LDL cholesterol to millimole per liter, multiply by 0.0259.
Unless otherwise indicated, data are expressed as number (%) of patients. Percentages have been rounded and may not total 100. Variables were assessed at the time of the index date. If laboratory values or vital signs were not available on the index date, the most recent measurement before the index date was used.
The LA plus SA group includes patients who initiated short-acting insulin therapy in the first year; the LA group includes patients who did not initiate short-acting insulin therapy in the first year and who continued long-acting insulin therapy only or before outcome or censoring events if they occured before the end of the first year.
From a combination of diagnosis codes, blood pressure, and medications in the prior 2 years.
From diagnosis codes and procedures codes, ever.
At least 1 primary inpatient diagnosis code in the prior 2 years.
At least 2 outpatient diagnosis codes or 1 inpatient diagnosis code in the prior 2 years.
At least 3 outpatient diagnosis codes or 1 inpatient diagnosis code in the prior 2 years.
Most recent value in the 2 years before the index date.
Uses mean weight during the 12 months before the index date.
Two or more prescriptions in the year before the index date.