Table 1.
Maternal and neonatal characteristics of diabetic mothers and control cases
| Variables | GDM Cases (n=1260) |
Pre-pregnancy DM (n=152) |
Control Cases (n=3783) |
P-Value |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Mother’s Age (years) | 31.59 ± 5.87 | 34.86 ± 6.04 | 28.82 ± 5.67 | <0.0001 |
| Body Mass Index | 33.80 ± 8.31 | 36.15 ± 6.56 | 31.67 ± 5.67 | <0.0001 |
| Maternal HbA1C (%) before delivery | 5.28 ± 0.43 | 6.19 ± 1.15 | <0.0001 | |
| Type of Delivery | <0.0001 | |||
| Vaginal Delivery | 751 (59.6%) | 41 (27%) | 2415 (63.8%) | |
| Cesarean Section | 447 (35.5%) | 105 (69.1%) | 1116 (29.5%) | |
| Instrumental Delivery | 62 (4.9%) | 6 (3.9%) | 252 (6.7%) | |
| Gestational Age (weeks) | 38.12 ± 2.04 | 36.71 ± 2.34 | 38.34 ± 2.57 | <0.0001 |
| Gender | 0.068 | |||
| Male | 663 (52.6%) | 65 (42.8%) | 1969 (52%) | |
| Female | 597 (47.4%) | 87 (57.2%) | 1814 (48%) | |
| Placental Weight (gm) | 664.70 ± 120.02 | 643.95 ± 126.42 | 650.19 ± 167.31 | 0.013 |
| Birth Weight (gm) | 3156.73 ± 577.88 | 3048.78 ± 677.98 | 3066.01 ± 603.42 | <0.0001 |
| Macrosomia (Weight >4000 gm at term) | 60 (4.8%) | 7 (4.6%) | 103 (2.7%) | 0.001 |
| Length (cm) | 49.85 ± 3.40 | 49.24 ± 3.30 | 49.73 ± 3.29 | 0.080 |
| Head Circumference (cm) | 34.12 ± 1.81 | 33.93 ± 2.13 | 34.05 ± 2.56 | 0.514 |
| Body weight to Gestational Age | ||||
| SGA | 127 (10.1%) | 16 (10.5%) | 617 (16.4%) | <0.0001 |
| AGA | 1061 (84.2%) | 115 (75.7%) | 3080 (81.7%) | 0.0104 |
| LGA | 72 (5.7%) | 21 (13.8%) | 74 (2%) | <0.0001 |
| Major Congenital Anomalies | 0.211 | |||
| No | 1252 (99.4%) | 149 (98%) | 3753 (99.2%) | |
| Yes | 8 (0.6%) | 3 (2%) | 30 (0.8%) | |