Table 3.

Factors associated with GDM: Univariate Logistic regression analysis

Variables	GDM n/N (%)	Unadjusted Odds ratio (OR)	95% CI for OR	P-value
Mother’s Age (years)
<30	463/2658 (17.4%)	1.0 (reference)
≥30	797/2385 (33.4%)	2.38	2.09, 2.71	<0.0001
Body Mass Index (BMI)
Normal weight (19-24.99)	71/437 (16.2%)	1.0 (reference)
Overweight (25-29.99)	278/1463 (19%)	1.21	0.91, 1.61	0.192
Obese (≥30)	910/3125 (29.1%)	2.12	1.62, 2.76	<0.0001
Type of Delivery
Vaginal Delivery	751/3166 (23.7%)	1.0 (reference)
Cesarean Section	447/1563 (28.6%)	1.29	1.12, 1.48	<0.0001
Instrumental Delivery	62/314 (19.7%)	0.79	0.59, 1.06	0.113
Gestational Age (weeks)
<37	155/583 (26.6%)	1.0 (reference)
≥37	1105/4460 (24.8%)	0.91	0.75, 1.11	0.342
Gender
Male	663/2632 (25.2%)	1.0(reference)
Female	597/2411 (24.8%)	0.98	0.86, 1.11	0.726
Placental Weight (gm)
<650	448/1904 (23.5%)	1.0 (reference)
≥650	806/3122 (25.8%)	1.13	0.99, 1.29	0.069
Birth Weight (gm)
<2500	120/603 (19.9%)	1.0 (reference)
≥2500	1140/4438 (25.7%)	1.39	1.13, 1.72	0.002
Macrosomia
No	1200/4878 (24.6%)	1.0 (reference)
Yes	60/163 (36.8%)	1.79	1.29, 2.47	<0.0001
Bodyweight to Gestational Age
AGA	1061/4141 (25.6%)	1.0(reference)
SGA	127/744 (17.1%)	0.60	0.49, 0.73	<0.0001
LGA	72/146 (49.3%)	2.82	2.03, 3.94	<0.0001
Major Congenital Anomalies
No	1252/5005 (25%) 8/38 (21.1%)	1.0 (reference)
Yes		0.80	0.37, 1.75	0.575

CI Confidence interval, OR Odds ratio; Outcome variable: non-GDM was considered as the reference group

LGA Large for gestational age, AGA appropriate for gestational age, SGA small for gestational age

‘n’ is the total number of GDM cases whereas ‘N’ is the total number of participants included against each specific variable/parameter