Table 1.
Summary of Baseline Characteristics of the Articles That Were Published Earlier and Included Studies in the Review, 2021
| Author Publication Year | Period of Study | Study Design | Study Setting | Average Age in Years (Mean or Median) | Sample Size | Gender (Female %) | Occupation |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gagneux B et al, 202056 | March–July, 2020 | Cross-sectional (online) |
France | ● >30 years – 22.7% ● 30–49 years – 47.3% ● 50–64 years – 26.8% ● Over 65 years – 3.1% |
2047 | 74% | ● Physicians – 21.06% ● Pharmacists – 24.5% ● Nurses – 18.1% ● Assistant nurses – 10.65% ● Midwives – 1.8% ● Physiotherapists – 1.2% ● Others (administrative staff, laboratory staff, research staff) – 22.7% |
| Kabamba N et al, 202033 | March–April, 2020 | Cross-sectional | Congo | ● 18–25 years – 4.7% ● 25–40 years – 63.0% ● ˃40 years – 32.3% |
613 | 49.1% | ● Doctors – 27.2% ● Nurses and other healthcare workers – 72.8% |
| Dimitrios P et al, 202145 | December 2020 | Cross sectional (online) |
Greece | ● 44.7±10.97 | 340 | 49% | ● Physicians – 63% ● Dentists – 24% ● Pharmacists – 13% |
| Francesco D et al, 202130 | Oct–Nov, 2020 | Cross-sectional (online) |
Italy | ● <30 – 44% ● 30–40 – 31% ● 41–50 – 12% ● 51–60 – 6% ● >60 years – 7% |
1723 | 53% | ● Specialized medical doctors – 20% ● Medical residents – 15% ● Medical doctors – 32% ● General practitioners – %8) ● GP trainees – 4% ● Non-MD health professional nurses – 22% |
| Bartosz S et al, 202132 | 2021 | Cross-sectional (online) |
Poland | Median (26.94±31.39yrs) | 2300 | 42.17% | ● Physicians – 37.78% ● Health care assistants – 37.22% ● Non-medical students and non-healthcare workers –63.10% |
| –Ameerah M et al, 202136 | Dec, 2020 | Cross-sectional (online) |
Saudi Arabia | 18–29=23.5% 30–39=43.2% 40–49=23.2% 50–59=6.76% ≥60 years=3.24 |
736 | 39.9% | ● Frontline healthcare workers – 53.8% ● Others – 46.2% |
| Abas K et al, 202115 | January, 2021 | Cross sectional study | Pakistan | – | 200 | – | – |
| Jana Sh et al, 202140 | Nogv–Dec, 2020 | Cross-sectional study | USA | Mean, 42.5 (13.56) years | 5287 | 72.8% | ● Registered nurses – 22.7% ● Scientists and physicians – 19.5% ● Administration and management – 19.2% ● Ancillary services – 17.8% ● Technical support – 8.4% ● Allied health professionals – 6.2% ● Master’s-level clinicians – 5.65% ● Public safety and spiritual care – 0.5% ● Pharmacists – 2.4% |
| Rahul Sh et al, 202115 | Oct–Nov,2020 | Cross-sectional (online) |
USA | 18–30 years = (23%) 31–40 years = (30%) 41–50 years = (20%) 51–60 years = (16%) 61–70 years = (9.4%) > 70 years = (0.5%) |
3,479 | 75% | ● Direct patient care providers (DPCPs) – 45% ● Direct medical providers (DMPs) – 35% ● Others without direct patient contact – 12% |
| Caterina L et al, 202144 | 2021 | Cross-sectional | Italy | ≤30 = 10% 31–40 = 31% 41–50 = 34% ≥51 = 29% |
1354 | 52% | ● Physicians – 40% ● Graduate sanitary = 3% ● Nurses and midwives – 42% ● Healthcare assistance staff – 8% ● Healthcare diagnostic staff – 7% |
| Padureanu V et al, 202129 | April–May, 2020 | Cross-sectional (online) |
Romania | Mean age of 35.34±10.75 years (range: 21–66 years). | 529 | 68.4% | ● Physicians=65.0% ● Nurses=5.9.0% ● Pharmacists=16.2% ● Medical students =12.9% |
| Gasmelseed A et al, 202139 | 2021 | Cross-sectional (online) |
Saudi Arabia | ≤35 years 134 (56.8%) >35 years 102 (43.3%) |
236 | 71.6% | ● Nurses 146 (61.9%) ● Doctors (16.1%) ● Others (22.0%) |
| Shikha K et al, 202131 | Sep–Nov, 2020 | Cross-sectional (online) |
Taiwan | Mean age = 34.43 years | 500 | 58.8% | ● Healthcare workers=100% |
| John J et al, 202148 | 2021 | Cross-sectional (online) |
Ghana | ● 18–24 –5.5% ● 25–30 – 82% ● >30 – 12.5% |
305 | 50.8% | ● Junior doctors =100% |
| Jorge L et al, 202112 | 2021 | Cross-sectional (online) |
Colombia | ● 46.3±18.5= 60%effectiveness ● 47±19.5 = 80% effectiveness |
1066 | 66% | Physicians – 46.3% |
| Luka P et al, 202134 | 2021 | Cross-sectional (online) |
Slovenia | ● 42% = ≤35 ● 40% = 35–54 ● 18% = ≥ 55 |
2068 | 63% | ● Doctor =37.2% ● Medical students=15.04% ● others=32.6% ● HC students=15.24% |
| Asaf Z et al, 202142 | March–April, 2020 | Cross-sectional (online) |
UAE | Mean age was 36.3 | 506 | 57% | ● Residents = 21% ● Specialists =26% |
| Maayan Sh et al, 202143 | Dec 2020–Jan, 2021 | Cross-sectional | Israel | Mean (±SD) ● Dentist,42.13 (±10.66) ● Dental hygienists = 44.60 (±16.32) |
140 | 34.3% =dentists dental hygienists = all are female |
● Dentists = 13.4% ● Dental hygienists = 14.6 |
| Stefania D et al, 202138 | December 2020 | Cross-sectional | Canada | Average = 44 | 2,761 | 72% | Nurses and orderlies – 23.1% Physicians – 18.8% Environmental service workers – 4.4% Healthcare managers – 2.5% Other healthcare workers – 24.9% |
| Martin W et al, 202149 | Jan–Febr, 2021 | Cross-sectional design (online) | Ghana | 20–29 = 32.9% 30–39 = 56.0% 40 and above = 11.1% |
234 | 63.2% | ● Nurse and midwife = 64.5% ● Allied health workers = 23.5% ● Medical doctors = 12.0% |
| Samar F et al, 202147 | Dec 2020–Jan, 2021 | Cross-sectional design (online) | Egypt | 17–35 = 70.39% 36–66 = 29.61% |
385 | 81.3% | ● Physician = 49.87% ● Nursing Staff = 23.12 ● Pharmacist = 22.60% ● Dentist = 3.38% ● Physiotherapist = 1.04% |
| Sabita P et al, 202146 | Jan 27 - Febr, 2021. | Cross-sectional descriptive | Nepal | 20–30 = 45.9% 30–40= 29.3% 40–50 = 12.4% 50–60= 7.1% Missing = 5.3% |
266 | 71.4% | ● Medical and dental officers, postgraduates – 6.4% ● Nursing staff – 30.5% ● General workers – 24.8% ● Paramedics – 14.7% ● Missing – 0.4% |
| Eyad Q et al, 202137 | January, 2021. | Cross-sectional study based on an online survey |
Arabic-speaking countries(Egypt, Morocco, Tunisia, and Algeria)) |
30.6 ±10 years | 5708 | 44.4% | – |
| Anne S et al, 202135 | January, 2021 | Cross-sectional study | Belgium | <35 years = 28.4% 35–44 years = 24.3% 45–54 years= 24.2% ≥55 years = 23.1% |
1141 | 72.7% | Medical doctors – 16.5% Nurses or nursing assistanst – 28.5%– Paramedical staff = 18.4% |