Table 4.
Factors Associated with MDD in the 2011 EDHS. Results from Multilevel Analysis
| Variables | Model 0 | Model I | Model II | Model III |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age of the child (month) | ||||
| 6–11m | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | |
| 12–17 m | 2.4(1.6–3.5)*** | – | 2.4(1.7–3.6)*** | |
| 18–23 m | 3.5(2.4–5.2)*** | 3.3(2.8–4.9)*** | ||
| Birth interval | ||||
| ≤24 months | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| >24 months | 1.5(1.0–2.2)** | 1.3(0.9–1.9) | ||
| Age of mother at first birth | ||||
| <20 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | |
| 20–34 | 0.9(0.7–1.3) | – | 1.0(0.7–1.3) | |
| 35–49 | Empty | – | Empty | |
| ANC visit | ||||
| Yes | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| No | 1.7(1.3–2.3)*** | 1.8(1.3–2.4)*** | ||
| Household size | ||||
| 1–4 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | |
| 5–9 | 0.7(0.5–0.9)*** | – | 0.6(0.4–0.9)*** | |
| 10 and more | 0.6(0.4–0.9)* | – | 0.9(0.5–1.7) | |
| Under five children in the household | ||||
| 1 | 1.00 | – | 1.00 | |
| 2 | 1.1(0.7–1.6) | – | 1.0(0.7–1.5) | |
| 3 | 1.5(0.9–2.1) | – | 1.6(0.9–2.6) | |
| Mother educational level | ||||
| No education | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Primary | 1.8(1.3–2.5)*** | 1.6(1.1–2.2)*** | ||
| Secondary and above | 2.2(1.3–4.1)*** | 2.4(1.3–4.5)*** | ||
| Watching television | ||||
| No at all | 1.00 | 1.00 | ||
| Once a week | 1.8(1.3–2.5)*** | 1.9(1.8–2.7)*** | ||
| Region | ||||
| Dire Dawa | – | 1.00 | 1.00 | |
| Tigray | – | 3.3(2.1–5.7)** | 1.8(1.2–4.23)* | |
| Afar | – | 1.4(1.1–3.4)*** | 2.1(1.3–3.5)** | |
| Amhara | – | 3.4(2.1–4.7)*** | 4.0(2.2–5.4)** | |
| Oromia | – | 2.0(1.2–3.3)** | 2.1(1.2–3.2)* | |
| Somali | – | 2.6(1.5–4.0)** | 2.9(1.9–3.7)* | |
| Benishangul gumz | – | 1.4(1.0–2.9)* | 1.6(1.4–2.8)* | |
| SNNP | – | 1.3(1.00–1.7)* | 1.2(1.0–3.5)* | |
| Gambella | – | 1.7(1.2–0.98) | 1.8(1.4–3.9)** | |
| Harari | – | 0.6(0.5–1.2) | 0.7(0.5–1.2) | |
| Addis Abeba | – | 0.6(0.52–1.0) | 0.6(0.4–0.8)* | |
Notes: 1: reference group; p<0.05*; P<0.01**; p<0.001***.
Abbreviations: EDHS, Ethiopian Demographic and Health Survey; MDD, Minimum Dietary Diversity; SNNPR, Southern Nations, Nationalities, and People’s Region.