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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Sep 1.
Published in final edited form as: Brain Stimul. 2021 Aug 13;14(5):1219–1225. doi: 10.1016/j.brs.2021.08.008

FIGURE.

FIGURE

A) Experimental design. The effect of repetitive Transcranial Magnetic Stimulation – intermittent Theta Burst Stimulation (rTMS-iTBS) on long-term memory was assessed using the Novel Odor Recognition memory task in awake rats after a 3-week habituation period (represented by the blue bar). B) iTBS protocol. C) Distribution of Learning Index scores for individual young, Aged-Unimpaired (AU), and Aged-Impaired (AI) rats, derived from performance on the Morris water maze. D) Graphs showing no statistically significant differences in total exploration time between sham and stimulated animals. E) Graphs of Recognition Index scores in sham and stimulated animals: young (Y) and AU sham-treated groups displayed above chance memory for the sample odorant, whereas AI did not. The Y and AI groups that received post-sample rTMS demonstrated robust 24-hour memory, whereas AU rats exhibited no recognition. One-sample t-test compared to chance, 0.5 (i.e., no retention), *p < 0.05, **p < 0.001. Error bars = standard error.