Table 1.

Potential Moderators of the Role of E-cigarette Use in Quitting Combustible Cigarettes Between Ages 33 and 39

		Model paths
	N	(a) Quant. c-cigs at 33 →Quit by age 39	(b) Quant. c-cigs at 33 →E-cig initiation	(c) E-cig initiation →Quit by age 39	Diff. χ² ^†
Full analysis sample (smokers at age 33)	221	−.30^***	.29^***	−.56^***
Moderation by social position, setting
Female	98	−.45^***	.07	−.54^***	.08
Male	123	−.18	.43^***	−.66^***
European American	104	−.31^**	.34^**	−.64^***	.00
African American	63	−.32^*	.19	−.64^***
Without 2-yr college degree	168	−.21^*	.30^**	−.64^***	.15
With 2-yr college degree	53	−.70^***	.21	−.37^*
Partner who does not smoke	80	−.34^**	−.06	−.70^***	2.41
Partner who smokes	91	−.33^*	.55^***	−.37⁺
Moderation by attitudes, desire to quit
Friends disapprove if you smoke	124	−.33^**	.05	−.57^***	.04
Friends approve if you smoke	80	−.29	.59^***	−.61^***
Self disapproves of adult smoking	57	−.15	.10	−.70^***	.61
Self approves of adult smoking	157	−.40^***	.31^***	−.49^***
Does not definitely wish to cut down	136	−.26^**	.13	−.74^***	5.60^*
Definitely wishes to cut down	77	−.50^***	.47^***	−.21
Has not tried to quit or cut down	67	−.50^***	.44^***	−.37^*	.80
Has tried to quit or cut down	147	−.25^*	.19⁺	−.62^***
Moderation by health behavior, status
Without alcohol use disorder	155	−.34^***	.30^**	−.59^***	.50
With alcohol use disorder	59	−.22	.23	−.50^**
Without marijuana use disorder	183	−.34^***	.29^**	−.54^***	.18
With marijuana use disorder	30	−.16	.21	−.67^**
Without depressive disorder	185	−.27^**	.32^***	−.53^***	.46
With depressive disorder	33	−.66^**	.07	−.52^*
Without anxiety disorder	185	−.29^**	.30^***	−.53^***	1.87
With anxiety disorder	33	−.47⁺	.24	−.67^**
Moderation by smoking history: Prospective longitudinal assessment
Onset 1+ cig. per day < age 21	115	−.21	.28^**	−.52^***	.84
Onset 1+ cig. per day ≥ age 21	86	−.20	.23⁺	−.68^***
Onset dependence < age 30	104	−.05	.24^*	−.56^**	1.12
Onset dependence ≥ age 30	49	−.28⁺	.21	−.75^***
Avg. < .5 packs per day ages 21-33	151	−.24^*	.13	−.56^***	.16
Avg. ≥ .5 packs per day ages 21-33	70	.01	.37^**	−.69^***
Avg. < 3 dep. symps ages 24-33	163	−.34^***	.23^*	−.59^***	.20
Avg. ≥ 3 dep. symps ages 24-33	58	.46	.19	−.48⁺

Notes. c-cig = combustible cigarette; e-cig = electronic cigarette; quant. = quantity; diff. = difference; dep. symps = dependence symptoms.

^†

Difference χ² tests the difference between groups in the model path from e-cig initiation to quitting c-cigs by age 39, using multiple-group modeling procedures.

⁺

P < .10, p < .05.

p < .05

^**

p < .01

^***

p < .001.