Table 2.
Unweighted proportion of naloxone ownership and unadjusted relative risk of having naloxone associated with characteristics of people who reported past year injection drug use and opioid use in two studies in urban and rural Oregon
| NHBS (urban), 2018 (N = 477) | OR-HOPE (rural), 2018/2019 (N = 133) | |||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
|
| ||||||||||
| Characteristic | T | N | (%) | RR | 95% CI | T | N | (%) | RR | 95% CI |
| Age (yrs) | Current | - | - | 1.00 | 0.99, 1.01 | Current | - | - | 0.99 | 0.96, 1.02 |
| Race/Ethnicity (global p-value) | (0.20) | (<0.001) | ||||||||
| Non-Hispanic White | 233 | (66%) | REF | - | 30 | (29%) | REF | - | ||
| Non-Hispanic Black | 4 | (33%) | 0.51 | 0.23, 1.14 | 0 | (0%) | ** | ** | ||
| Hispanic, any race | 18 | (49%) | 0.74 | 0.53, 1.04 | 5 | (36%) | 1.21 | 0.56, 2.62 | ||
| Non-Hispanic multiple races | 33 | (53%) | 0.81 | 0.63, 1.04 | 1 | (25%) | 0.85 | 0.15, 4.80 | ||
| Non-Hispanic other | 5 | (45%) | 0.69 | 0.36, 1.33 | 5 | (45%) | 1.54 | 0.76, 3.16 | ||
| Sex (global p-value) | (0.13) | (0.67) | ||||||||
| Male | 172 | (58%) | REF | - | 22 | (29%) | REF | - | ||
| Female | 117 | (67%) | 1.16 | 1.00, 1.33 | 19 | (33%) | 1.12 | 0.67, 1.86 | ||
| Transgender | 4 | (57%) | 0.98 | 0.51, 1.88 | 0 | - | - | - | ||
| Education | ||||||||||
| High school or less | 154 | (58%) | REF | - | 23 | (26%) | REF | - | ||
| Beyond high school | 139 | (65%) | 1.12 | 0.97, 1.29 | 18 | (39%) | 1.48 | 0.89, 2.45 | ||
| Experienced homelessness | 12m | 213 | (60%) | 0.89 | 0.76, 1.03 | 6m | 29 | (32%) | 1.12 | 0.63, 1.97 |
| Arrested/Held | 12m | 137 | (63%) | 1.05 | 0.91, 1.21 | 6m | 38 | (35%) | 2.93 | 0.98, 8.77 |
| Health insurance | Current | 251 | (62%) | 1.04 | 0.85, 1.29 | Current | 38 | (34%) | 2.24 | 0.76, 6.60 |
| Drug of choice (global p-value) | Current | (0.03) | Current | (<0.001) | ||||||
| Heroin | 207 | (62%) | REF | - | 31 | (47%) | REF | - | ||
| Methamphetamine | 24 | (47%) | 0.76 | 0.56,1.03 | 4 | (7%) | 0.15 | 0.06, 0.40 | ||
| Cocaine/Crack | 0 | - | - | - | 0 | (0%) | ** | ** | ||
| Goofball | 48 | (75%) | 1.21 | 1.03, 1.43 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Speedball | 10 | (50%) | 0.81 | 0.52, 1.26 | NA | NA | NA | NA | ||
| Other | 4 | (57%) | 0.92 | 0.48, 1.77 | 6 | (67%) | 1.42 | 0.84, 2.41 | ||
| Injection frequency (global p-value) | 12m | (0.05) | 30d | (<0.001) | ||||||
| >1x/day | 248 | (65%) | REF | - | 20 | (36%) | REF | - | ||
| 1x/day | 20 | (61%) | 0.94 | 0.71, 1.25 | 11 | (30%) | 0.82 | 0.44, 1.50 | ||
| >1x/week | 13 | (48%) | 0.75 | 0.50, 1.11 | 2 | (25%) | 0.69 | 0.20, 2.41 | ||
| <1x/week | 12 | (36%) | 0.56 | 0.36, 0.89 | 8 | (26%) | 0.71 | 0.35, 1.42 | ||
| Never | NA | NA | NA | NA | 0 | (0%) | ** | ** | ||
| Got sterile needles from an SSP | 12m | 266 | (66%) | 1.73 | 1.26, 2.35 | 30d | 30 | (49%) | 3.22 | 1.76, 5.88 |
| Got sterile needles from a pharmacy | 12m | 124 | (64%) | 1.05 | 0.91, 1.22 | 30d | 24 | (30%) | 0.94 | 0.56, 1.57 |
| Witnessed an overdose | 12m | 225 | (64%) | 1.15 | 0.96, 1.37 | Ever | 35 | (34%) | 1.77 | 0.82, 3.83 |
| Experienced an overdose | 12m | 89 | (67%) | 1.13 | 0.97, 1.31 | 12m | 7 | (30%) | 0.98 | 0.50, 1.94 |
| Received overdose training | Ever | 217 | (74%) | 1.79 | 1.49, 2.16 | Ever | 29 | (35%) | 1.50 | 0.84, 2.68 |
T – reference time frame, SSP – syringe service program, NA – Not applicable because the study did not collect this category
**
No participants with this characteristic currently owned naloxone, Bold = p<0.05