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. Author manuscript; available in PMC: 2022 Oct 1.
Published in final edited form as: Drug Alcohol Depend. 2021 Aug 28;227:108994. doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2021.108994

Table 3.

Fentanyl, methadone, buprenorphine, and naloxone found on toxicology testing among opioid-involved accidental and undetermined overdose fatalities in Rhode Island, June 2016–June 2019.

Men (n=568) Women (n=198) Prevalence Ratio (95%CI) p-value
Individual Drugs Count Percent Count Percent
Fentanyl 444 78% 130 66% 0.84 (0.75, 0.94) 0.002
Fentanyl(s) including fentanyl analogues and novel synthetic opioids 461 81% 138 70% 0.88 (0.78, 1.00) 0.044
Methadone 62 11% 30 15% 1.42 (0.94, 2.15) 0.096
Buprenorphine 37 7% 18 9% 1.56 (0.89, 2.72) 0.121
Naloxone <5 * 8 4% * *
*

indicates a suppressed value due to the Rhode Island Department of Health small numbers policy