Table 3.

Biomarkers in colorectal liver metastases.

Biomarker	Results	Clinical Application/Future Direction
T-cell/macrophage ratio [49]	High T-cell/macrophage ratio in TME after neoadjuvant chemotherapy, longer survival	Selection of patients for immune checkpoint inhibitors after neoadjuvant chemotherapy
miR-31-3p [50,51]	High expression in KRAS WT treated with anti-EGFR therapy, inferior outcome	Predictive biomarker for the patients with KRAS WT receiving anti-EGFR treatment
BRAF [55]	Worse prognostic factor in the first year after hepatectomy for CLM than margin status	Selection of patients for additional resection in cases with recurrence after resection for CLM
TP53, and SMAD4 [56]	Coexisting mutations in RAS, TP53, and SMAD4, worse survival compared with single or double mutations	Accurate prediction of prognosis in patients with CLM
R-spondin [57]	Association with vascular endothelial growth factor-dependent angiogenesis	Selection of patients who gain mostly from the addition of bevacizumab to chemotherapy
CMS [58,59,60]	CMS2 and CMS3 preferred bevacizumab over other CMS groups	Planning perioperative systemic treatment for patients with CLM

Abbreviations: TME: Tumor microenvironment; CMS: consensus molecular subtypes.