Table 1.

Effects of low molecular weight (poly)phenol metabolites on the indicated hallmarks of NDDs in Saccharomyces cerevisiae.

(Poly)phenol Metabolite 1	Model	Dose and Time	Mechanistic Evidences	Ref.
Benzenes
Benzene–1,2—Diol (Catechol)	WT and Several Mutants (BY4743) for Oxidative Stress Resistance, Cytoplasmic Thioredoxin System, GSH Synthesis and Recycling, Lipid Metabolism, Vacuole and Endosomes Biogenesis, V–ATPase Assembly and Alpha–Tubulin Folding.	0.55 mM, 1.1 mM and 2.2 mM for 5 or 15 Generations	↑ Response Pathways Associated with Oxidative and Cytoskeleton Stress, ER Stress and Vesicular Trafficking	[85]
Benzaldehydes
4—Hydroxy–3—Methoxybenzaldehyde (Vanillin)	WT (YPH250)	4, 6 and 8 mM for 30 min	↑ ZWF1, GND1 and GND2 Expression Levels	[77]
	zwf1 Mutant (YPH250)	2–8 mM for 15 min	↑ Mitochondrial Fragmentation
		10–20 mM for 30 min	↑ P–Body Formation
	WT and Mutants for Chromatin Remodeling, Vesicle Transport, Cell Cycle, DNA Processing and Cellular Transport (BY4743)	5 mM for 24 h	↓ Cell Growth	[77]
	WT (BY4741)	4 mM for 6 h	↓ Translation Activity	[76]
		2–50 mM for 30 min	↑ P–Body Formation
		30–50 mM for 30 min	↑ Stress Granules Formation
	WT (BY4742)	6–15 mM for 30 min	↓ Translation Activity	[91]
		6–15 mM for 1 h	↑ ADH6 and ADH7 mRNA Levels
	adh6 and adh7 Mutants (BY4742)	8 mM for 36 h	↓Growth Rate
Benzoic Acids
3,4,5—Trihydroxybenzoic Acid (Gallic acid)	WT and zrt1 Mutant (BY4741)	100 µM for 1 h	↓ Intracellular Zn Content ↑ ZRT2 Transcription	[92]
	Pdr5 Overexpressing Yeast (AD12456)	5–200 µM for 1 h	Inhibited the Pdr5 Efflux Pump	[69]
	ahp1 Mutant (BY4743) Overexpressing Aβ42_GFP	50 µM for 6 h	↓ Protein Aggregation	[81]
2—Hydroxybenzoic Acid (Salicylic Acid)	H208-3B Carrying PGAPAQ1 Plasmid	5 mM	↑ [Ca2+] Cytosolic Levels	[93]
	yrr1 Mutant (BY4741)	12.5 mM	↑ Resistance to 2HBA Mediated by Efflux Pump–Encoding Genes Overexpression	[71]
Benzoic Acid	WT (FY1679–28c)	0.5 mM for 1 h	↑ Pdr12 and HSP30 Expression	[70]
	vac8 Mutant (HAY394)	0, 0.1, 0.5, and 1 mM for 2 h	↑ prApe1 Maturation	[75]
		2 mM for 2 h	↓ Macroautophagy
	WT (HAY75)	2 mM for 5, 15 and 40 min	↓ ER–to–Golgi Complex Transport Step
2,5—Dihydroxybenzoic Acid	ahp1 Mutant (BY4743) Overexpressing Aβ42_GFP	50 µM for 6 h	↓ Protein Aggregation	[81]
2,3—Dihydroxybenzoic Acid
3,4—Dihydroxybenzoic Acid
Phenylacetic Acids
Phenylacetic Acid	pdr12 Mutant (CEN.PK113–7D)	2–8 mM for 72 h	↓Cell Growth	[94]
Cinnamic Acids
4—Hydroxy–3—Methoxycinnamic Acid (Ferulic Acid)	WT (BY4741)	1 mM for 1 h	↑ YAL005C, YER153C, and YPR125W Expression	[95]
	ahp1 Mutant (BY4743) Overexpressing Aβ42_GFP	50 µM for 6 h	↓ Protein Aggregation	[81]
2,4—Dihydroxycinnamic Acid	ahp1 Mutant (BY4743) Overexpressing Aβ42_GFP	50 µM for 6 h	↓ Protein Aggregation	[81]
3,4—Dihydroxycinnamic Acid
3,4,5—Trimethoxycinnamic Acid

Aβ₄₂—Amyloid beta 42; AHP1—Alkyl HydroPeroxide reductase 1 gene (involved in cellular response against oxidative stress); GFP—Green Fluorescent Protein; ADH6—Alcohol Dehydrogenase 6 gene; ADH7—Alcohol Dehydrogenase 7 gene; ER—Endoplasmic Reticulum; GND1—6—phosphoGlucoNateDehydrogenase 1 gene (involved in cellular response against oxidative stress); GND2—6—phosphoGlucoNateDehydrogenase 2 gene; GSH—Glutathione; HSP30—Heat Shock Protein 30 gene; P–body—Processing body; PDR12—Pleiotropic Drug Resistance 12 gene; PDR5—Pleiotropic Drug Resistance 5 gene; prApe1—precursor amminopeptidase I; VAC8—VACuole related 8 gene; WT—Wilde type; YAL005C—Stress–Seventy subfamily A; YER153C—PETite colonies; YPR125W—Yeast LETM1 Homolog; ZRT1—Zinc–Regulated Transporter 1 gene; ZRT2—Zinc-Regulated Transporter 2 gene; ZWF1—ZwischenFerment 1 gene (Cytoplasmic glucose–6—phosphate dehydrogenase involved in adapting to oxidative stress).¹ (Poly)phenol metabolites are named accordingly the recommendations recently published [32] however, the name cited in the original publications where the effect is described is indicated in brackets. ↑—increased ↓—decreased.