Table 3.

Effects of low molecular weight (poly)phenol metabolites on models of neurodegeneration in C. elegans.

(Poly)Phenol Metabolite 1	Model	Dose and Time	Mechanistic Evidence	Ref.
Benzaldehydes
2—Hydroxy–4—Methoxybenzaldehyde	BZ555 Worms (dat1::gfp)	2.5 mM Administered on Food for 24 h	↓ Dopaminergic Neurodegeneration	[99]
Benzoic Acids
3,4,5—Trihydroxybenzoic Acid (Gallic Acid)	Amyloid–Related Neurodegenerative Disease Model Expression of ATX3 in the Nervous System	0.1 mM Administered to Food Scoring After 24 and 48 h	↑ Mobility No Rescue in Lifespan	[100]
Cinnamic Acids
4—Hydroxy–3—Methoxycinnamic Acid (Ferulic Acid)	Alzheimer’s Model (Muscle–Specific Aβ—Expression)	50 mM Administered on Food from Embryo	↑ Survival Rate ↑ Protection against Aβ-Cytotoxicity	[104]
3,4—Dihydroxycinnamic Acid (Caffeic Acid)	Wt Mt(Mev-1), A Strain Hypersensitive To Oxidative Stress	100 µM to 600 µM (Strongest Effect at 300 µM)	↑ Lifespan WT and Mt(mev–1) ↓ Body Size Altered Lipid–Metabolism Tendency to Delay Reproductive Time = Number of Offspring ↓ Gene Expression of Hsp–3, Hsp–17, and Hsp–16.41 ↑ Gene Expression of Hsp–12.6	[102]
Cinnamic Acid	Alzheimer’s Model Strain CL4176 Expressing Human Aβ	40, 80, or 200 μM Throughout Development	↓ Aβ40 Fibrillogenesis ↓ Aβ40–Induced Cytotoxicity Ameliorate AD–Like Symptoms of Worm Paralysis	[101]
2—Hydroxycinnamic Acid
3—Hydroxycinnamic Acid
2,4—Dihydroxycinnamic
3,4,5—Trihydroxycinnamic Acid

WT—wild type; Aβ—Amyloid beta 42; ATX3—Ataxin 3; Hsp—heat shock protein; dat1—dopamine transporter 1. ¹ (Poly)phenol metabolites are named accordingly the recommendations recently published [32], however the name cited in the original publications where the effect is described is indicated in brackets. ↑—increased ↓—decreased.