Table 5.

Effects of low molecular weight (poly)phenol metabolites in zebrafish neurophysiological functions.

(Poly)phenol Metabolite 1	Strain/Start of Exposure	Model without Intervention	Dose and Time	Mechanistic Evidence	Ref.
Benzoic Acids
Benzoic Acid	AB/2 dpf	Neuronal Teratogenesis	0.07; 0.7; 3.47; 6.94 mM Sodium Benzoate in the Water Medium for 24 h 2	↓ Tactile Sensitivity and ↓ Larvae Mobility (6.94 mM) ↑ Misalignment of Muscle Fibers (6.94 mM) Defects on Motor Axons and Neuromuscular Junctions ↑ Axonal Projections and AchR Clusters (post–synapses; >69.4 µM)	[147]
	AB/2 hpf	DA System/Neuronal Development	0.28; 0.94 mM SB in the Water Medium for up to 3 dpf 2	↓ TH and DAT Expression in DA Neurons	[148]
	AB/2 hpf	Locomotor Activity	0.14; 0.28 mM SB in the Water Medium for 3 Days 2	↓ Locomotor Activity	[148]
	AB/5 hpf	Anxiety–Like Larval Behavior (Thigmotaxis)	0.35 mM SB in E3 Medium for 72 h 2	Thigmotaxis ↓ GSR Expression	[149]
3,4,5—Trihydroxybenzoic Acid Gallic Acid)	AB/72 hpf	Neuronal Hyperactivity/Motoneuron Hyperexcitability	0.30 mM in E3 Medium for 30 min 3	↓ Glutamate and GABA ↑ fosab Expression in Distinct Areas of the Brain (Forebrain, Olfactory Bulbs and Pallial Area) ↑ Locomotor Function: Hyperactivity	[142]
	n.d/ 4–6 Month	Neurochemical Content Changes	29.4, 58.8, 117.60 µM in the Water Medium for 24 and 48 h 3	↓ Sulfhydryl Content (117.6 µM) ↓ TBA–RS (117.6 µM) ↓ DCFH Oxidation (117.6 µM) ↓ AChE Activity (117.6 µM) = ChAT activity, Nitrates and Nitrites (117.6 µM) ↑ SOD Activity (29.4–58.8 µM) ↑ Catalase Activity (29.4–117.6 µM) = [GSH] (29.4–117.6 µM)	[143]

dpf—days post-fertilization; hpf—hours post-fertilization; Wild—Type Lines: AB/Tuebingen; E3—Zebrafish embryonic medium; DA—Dopaminergic; n.d—non–defined; SB—sodium benzoate; AchR—acetylcholine receptor; TH—Tyrosine hydroxylase; DAT—dopamine transporter; GSR—Glutathione reductase; TBA–RS—thiobarbituric acid–reactive species; DCFH—2′,7′—dichlorofluorescein; AChE—acetylcholinesterase; ChAT—choline acetyltransferase; GSH—glutathione ¹ (Poly)phenol metabolites are named accordingly the recommendations recently published [32], however the name cited in the original publications where the effect is described is indicated in brackets. ² Converted from mg·L⁻¹ to µM using molecular mass of 144.105 g·mol⁻¹. ³ Converted from mg·L⁻¹ to µM using molecular mass of 170.12 g·mol^−1. ↑—increased ↓—decreased.