Table 6.

Effects low molecular weight (poly)phenol metabolites in zebrafish models of NDDs.

(Poly)phenol Metabolite 1	Strain/Start of Exposure	Model with Intervention	Dose and Time	Mechanistic Evidence	Ref.
Benzoic Acids
3,4,5—Trihydroxybenzoic Acid (Gallic Acid)	AB/72 hpf	Cd–Induced Disruption of the Olfactory System	293.9 µM in Cd–Treated Larvae in E3 Medium for 30 min 2	=Locomotion	[142]
	n.d/ 4–6 Month	Ethanol–Induced Neurochemical Changes	29.4, 58.8 µM in 0.5% (v/v) Ethanol Solution for 24 h	↑ ChAT Activity (Restored) ↓ TBA–RS (Restored) ↓ DCFH Oxidation (Restored) ↑ SOD Activity (Restored)	[143]
3,4—Dihydroxybenzoic Acid (Protocatechuic Acid)	AB/1 dpf	PD Model Chemical Induced by 6—OHDA	0, 12, 25, 50, 100 µM in the Water Medium for 48 h	= DA Neuron Loss DA Neurons Toxicity at 100 mM	[154]
	AB/1 dpf	PD Model Chemical Induced by 6—OHDA	PCA (6, 12, 25 µM), Chrysin, or PCA + Chrysin in the Water Medium for 48 h	PCA + Chrysin, but not PCA or Chrysin Individually ↓ DA Neuronal Loss	[154]

dpf—days post–fertilization; hpf—hours post–fertilization; Wild–Type Line: AB; E3—Zebrafish embryonic medium; DA—Dopaminergic; 6—OHDA—6—hydroxydopamine; PD—Parkinson’s disease; n.d—non–defined; TBA–RS—thiobarbituric acid–reactive species; DCFH—2′,7′—dichlorofluorescein; ChAT—choline acetyltransferase; SOD—superoxide dismutase. ¹ (Poly)phenol metabolites are named accordingly the recommendations recently published [32], however the name cited in the original publications where the effect is described is indicated in brackets. ² Converted from mg·L⁻¹ to µM using molecular mass of 170.12 g·mol^−1. ↑—increased ↓—decreased.