Table 1.
Canonical chemokine receptors and their ligands, grouped by family.
| Chemokine Family | GPCR | Ligands | Role/Expression of GPRC |
|---|---|---|---|
| CC | CCR1 | CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13, CCL14, CCL15, CCL16, CCL23 | Expressed on peripheral blood monocytes and memory T cells. |
| CCR2 | CCL2, CCL7, CCL8, CCL13, CCL16 | It mediates monocyte chemotaxis and can be found on the surface of monocytes, basophils, B cells and activated memory T cells. | |
| CCR3 | CCL4, CCL5, CCL7, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13, CCL15, CCL16, CCL23, CCL24, CCL26, CCL28 | Expressed in eosinophils, basophils, TH2 cells, CD34+ hematopoietic progenitors, keratinocytes and mast cells present in several tissues. It is a co-receptor for HIV and plays a key role in allergic processes. | |
| CCR4 | CCL3, CCL5, CCL17, CCL22 | CCR4 is preferentially expressed on Treg and TH2 cells. Expression can be transiently upregulated following TCR and CD28 engagement. | |
| CCR5 | CCL2, CCL3, CCL4, CCL5, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13, CCL14, CCL16 | It is the major co-receptor implicated in the susceptibility to HIV-1 infection. It is expressed on several cell types including peripheral blood-derived dendritic cells, CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells and memory T cells. | |
| CCR6 | CCL20 | Mainly expressed by immature dendritic cells and memory T cells, regulating their migration. Important for B lineage maturation and antigen driven B cell differentiation. | |
| CCR7 | CCL19, CCL21 | Expressed in lymphoid tissues and in activated B and T lymphocytes. Controls the migration of memory T cells to inflamed tissues and stimulates dendritic cell maturation. | |
| CCR8 | CCL1, CCL4, CCL16, CCL17, CCL18 | Preferentially expressed in the thymus. Regulates monocyte chemotaxis and thymic cell apoptosis. It contributes to the proper positioning of activated T cells within challenge sites and lymphoid tissues. | |
| CCR9 | CCL25 | Expressed in a range of hematopoietic cells, it is involved in chemokine-driven recirculation of leukocytes. It is differentially expressed by T lymphocytes of the small intestine and colon, suggesting it might be involved in the specialised immune response of the GI tract. | |
| CCR10 | CCL27, CCL28 | Mostly expressed by TH2 lymphocytes in the thymus. | |
| CCR11 | CCL2, CCL8, CCL11, CCL13 | Specifically binds the monocyte chemoattractant protein family of chemokines. | |
| CXC | CXCR1 | CXCL1, CXCL17 | Mainly expressed on neutrophils, plays an important role in acute inflammation. |
| CXCR2 | CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL3, CXCL5, CXCL6, CXCL7, CXCL8 | Mainly expressed on neutrophils, plays an important role in acute inflammatory responses. | |
| CXCR3 | CXCL4, CXCL9, CXCL10, CXCL11, CXCL13 | Predominantly expressed on T lymphocytes. It is rapidly induced on naïve cells following activation and preferentially remains highly expressed on TH1 CD4+ T cells and effector CD8+ T cells | |
| CXCR4 | CXCL12 | Highly expressed in brain, heart, white blood cells, vascular endothelial cells and umbilical cord endothelial cells. | |
| CXCR5 | CXCL13 | Specifically expressed in Burkitt lymphoma and lymphatic tissues. Plays an essential role in B cell migration. | |
| CXCR6 | CXCL16 | Preferentially expressed on TH1 T cells. CXCR6 has been identified as a minor co-receptor for HIV-1 infection. | |
| C | XCR1 | XCL1, XCL2 | Expressed on a subset of dendritic cells known to excel in antigen cross-presentation. |
| CX3C | CX3CR1 | CX3CL1 | Expressed in a variety of human tissues and cell lines where it mediates leukocyte migration and adhesion. Co-receptor for HIV-1 and HIV-2 infection. |