Table 1.

Pathogenicity islands found in Listeria monocytogenes.

Island	Gene	Product	Function
LIPI-1	actA	Actin assembly-inducing protein	(i)Actin recruitment and polymerization events responsible for intracellular movement and cell-to-cell spread [46] (ii)autophagy evasion [47] (iii)Mediation of aggregation and biofilm formation [48] (iv)May also be involved in the entry into eukaryotic cells, probably by recognition of an HSPG receptor
	mpI	Metalloprotease	Process the PC-PLC into its mature and active form [49]
	plcA	Phosphatidylinositol-specific Phospholipase C	(i)Hydrolyze glycosyl PI (GPI)-anchored eukaryotic membrane proteins [50] and (ii)synergize with LLO and PC-PLC in the destabilization of primary and secondary phagosomes [51]
	plcB	phosphatidylcholine-specific Phospholipase C or lecithinase	(i)Synergize with LLO and PI-PLC in the destabilization of primary phagosomes [52] (ii)Mediate disruption of the double-membrane secondary phagosomes formed after cell-to-cell spread [53]
	prfA	PrfA (Pleiotropic regulatory factor)	Belongs to CAP (for catabolite gene activator protein)/FNR family, Dimeric protein and bindis binds to its DNA target sequences in dimeric form [54]
	hly	Listeriolysin O	(i)Mediates lysis of the primary phagosomes and required for the escape from the double-membrane vacuole [55] (ii)Regulates influx of calcium ions inside the host cell and plays a role in bacterium invasion [56] (iii)Downregulate the host immune system through dephosphorylation of H3 and deacetylation of H4 histones of the host cell and [57] (iv)Mitochondrial fragmentation. LLO-related toxins: ivanolysin (ILO) in L. ivanovii and ligerilysin (LSO) in L. seeligeri [58]
LIPI-2	i-inlB2 i-inlL i-inlK i-inlB1 i-inlJ i-inlI i-inlH i-inlG smcL i-inlF i-inlE surF3	Inernalins and SMase	(i)SMase disrupts phagosomes [59] (ii)Internalins mediate invasion into human epithelial cells [59]
LIPI-3	llsAGHXBYDP	Listeriolysin S	Haemolysin that is post-translationally modified and belongs to a family of modified virulence peptides, including streptolysin S and several as-yet uncharacterized members of the same family in other pathogens. LLS demonstrated to play a role in the survival of L. monocytogenes in PMNs and also contributes to its virulence in the mouse model [60]
LIPI-4	lm4b_02324	Maltose-6′-P-glucosidase	Putative 6-phospho-beta-glucosidase [61]
	lm4b_02325	Transcriptional antiterminator	Putative transcription antiterminator BglG family [61]
	lm4b_02326	Uncharacterized protein associated to PTS systems	Unknown [61]
	lm4b_02327	Membrane permease EIIA	Putative PTS system, cellobiose-specific enzyme component [61]
	lm4b_02328	Membrane permease EIIB	Putative PTS system, cellobiose-specific enzyme component [61]
	lm4b_02329	Membrane permease EIIC	Putative PTS system, cellobiose-specific enzyme component [61]