Table 1.
Membrane sources and morphologies of the replication organelles (ROs).
| Membrane Source | Replication Organelles (RO) | Virus | Virus Family | Ref. | ||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| plant viruses | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | vesicle/spherule | single membrane | beet black scorch virus (BBSV) | Tombusviridae | [3] |
| double membrane | turnip mosaic virus (TuMV) | Potyviridae | [4] | |||
| multi-vesicular body | peanut clump virus (PCV) | Virgaviridae | [5] | |||
| membranous inclusion body | wheat yellow mosaic virus (WYMV) | Potyviridae | [6] | |||
| appressed double-membrane layers | brome mosaic virus (BMV) | Bromoviridae | [7] | |||
| Golgi | dilated Golgi | tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) | Tospoviridae | [8] | ||
| peroxisomes | multi-vesicular body | tomato bushy stunt virus (TBSV), cucumber necrosis virus (CNV) | Tombusviridae | [9,10] | ||
| mitochondria | multi-vesicular body | melon necrotic spot virus (MNSV), Carnation Italian ringspot virus (CIRV) | Tombusviridae | [11,12] | ||
| chloroplast | single membrane vesicle/spherule | barley stripe mosaic virus (BSMV) | Virgaviridae | [13] | ||
| tonoplast | single membrane vesicle/spherule | cucumber mosaic virus (CMV) | Bromoviridae | [14] | ||
| tobacco Necrosis Virus-Serotype A (TNV-A) | Tombusviridae | [14] | ||||
| animal viruses | endoplasmic reticulum (ER) | convoluted membrane | dengue virus (DENV), West Nil virus (WNV), Zika virus (ZIKV), tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) | Flaviviridae | [15,16,17,18] | |
| vesicle/spherule | single membrane | |||||
| tubule-like structure | tick-borne encephalitis virus (TBEV) | Flaviviridae | [19] | |||
| double membrane vesicle | hepatitis C virus (HCV) | Flaviviridae | [20,21,22] | |||
| zippered ER | severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), middle east respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), SARS-CoV2, infectious bronchitis virus (IBV) | Coronaviridae | [23,24,25,26] | |||
| Zika virus (ZIKV) | Flaviviridae | [17] | ||||
| Golgi | single and double membrane vesicle | polio virus (PV) | Picornaviridae | [27,28] | ||
| mitochondria | single membrane vesicle/spherule | flock house virus (FHV) | Nodaviridae | [29,30] | ||
| lysosome | cytopathic vacuole, single membrane vesicle/spherule | rubella virus (RUBV) | Matonaviridae | [31] | ||
| plasma membrane | evagination, single membrane vesicle/spherule | sindbis virus (SINV) | Togaviridae | [32,33] | ||