Table 1.
Supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) of crustacean by-products for the recovery of valuable compounds.
| Species | By-Products | Compounds | Extraction Conditions | Optimum Condition | Yield and Characteristics of Products’ | References |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Australian Rock Lobsters (Jasus edwardsii) | Livers | Lipids | P: 25, 30, 35 MPa T: 50 °C CO2 flow rate: 0.434 kg/h Time: 240 min |
35 MPa and 50 °C for 4 h: | 94% of lipid yield, 4 and 7 times higher content of DHA and EPA, respectively, compared to those obtained by Soxhlet extraction |
[15] |
| Tiger shrimp (Penaeus monodon) | Head and shells | Astaxanthin and other carotenoids | T: 60 °C, P: 20 MPa Co-solvents: ethanol, water, methanol, 50% (v/v) ethanol in water, 50% (v/v) methanol in water, 70% (v/v) ethanol in water, and 70% (v/v) methanol in water. |
50% (v/v) ethanol in water | Carotenoid yield: 84.02 ± 0.8 μg/g dry weight (DW), Extracted astaxanthin complex: 58.03 ± 0.1 μg/g DW free astaxanthin content: 12.25 ± 0.9 μg/g DW |
[75] |
| Pink shrimp (Penaeus brasiliensis and Penaeus paulensis) | Head, shell, and tail | Astaxanthin and other carotenoids | Moisture content (11.21–46.30%), solvent flow rate (8.3–13.3 g/min), T: 40–60 °C P: 100–300 bar co-solvent (hexane: isopropanol solution, 50:50, and sunflower oil) |
Solvent: CO2 + 2% hexane: isopropanol solution, 50:50 Flow rate: 13.3 g CO2/min 11.21%: moisture content P: 300 bar T: 333.15 K |
Global yield (amount of extract removed by the solvent and related to the solvent power, i.e., to the process temperature and pressure): 4.2 ± 0.2 | [77] |
| Brazilian redspotted shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) | Head, shell and tail | Astaxanthin and ω3 fatty acid (EPA + DHA) | CO2/Ethanol Etahnol 5, 10 and 15% wt, P: 300 bar, T: 50 °C. |
15% wt of ethanol. | 93.8% and 65.2% for lipids and astaxanthin Total lipid extraction yield increased to 136% increasing ethanol from 5 to 15% wt. |
[76] |
| Brazilian redspotted shrimp (Farfantepenaeus paulensis) | Head, shell and tail | Lipids, astaxanthin | P: 200–400 bar T: 40–60 °C |
43 °C and 370 bar | Astaxanthin: 39% recovery Lipids yield similar under different conditions (1.74% to 2.21%) Possibility to fractionate oil |
[70] |
| Northern shrimp (Pandalus borealis) | Head, shell and tail | Lipids (EPA+DHA) | Low P: 15 MPa, 50 °C Moderate P: 35 MPa; 40 °C |
35 MPa; 40 °C | Total Fatty Acids: 795 mg/g Oil rich in ω-3 PUFAs (EPA:78 mg/g, DHA:79.7 mg/g) |
[78] |
| Louisiana crawfish (Procambarus clarkii) | Shell and tail | Astaxanthin | T: 50–60–70 °C P: 13.8–22.4–31.0 MPa, Moisture content: freeze-dried 0–25–50%. |
75 °C, 24.1 MPa, and 13% moisture. | Predicted maximum extractable astaxanthin: 207.6 mg/kg | [74] |
P: Pressure; T: Temperature.