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. 2021 Aug 29;10(9):2030. doi: 10.3390/foods10092030

Table 4.

Advantages and disadvantages of the considered technologies in comparison with traditional ones.

Technology Advantages Disadvantages References
SFE
  • -

    High yields for carotenoids extraction

  • -

    Reduced processing times

  • -

    Use of solvents generally recognized as safe (GRAS), CO2 is inert, non-toxic, non-flammable, and cheap, high affinity for apolar compounds

  • -

    Short extraction time and minimal usage of organic solvents

  • -

    Limited sample size

  • -

    Extraction efficiency affected by matrix type, analyte type, and moisture content of the matrix

  • -

    Difficult to optimize conditions

  • -

    High cost of SFE equipment

  • -

    Few commercial plants available

[71,101]
HPE
  • -

    Environmentally friendly

  • -

    Rapid and highly efficient extraction

  • -

    Reduced presence of impurities

  • -

    Preservation of the bioactivity of the extracted compounds, in particular, thermo-sensitive ones

  • -

    Ability to use different solvents (and solvent ratios) with distinct polarities

  • -

    High initial investment and capital costs

  • -

    Batch or semi-continuous operation

  • -

    No selectivity

[49,81]
PEF
  • -

    Non-thermal behavior

  • -

    High selectivity

  • -

    Less time and energy consumption

  • -

    High yields for carotenoids extraction

  • -

    Does not require any additional chemicals

  • -

    Can be used in continuous mode

  • -

    Limitedly studied for the extraction of compounds from crustaceans by-products

  • -

    Use can be limited due to the conductivity of matrix

  • -

    High initial investment of PEF equipment

  • -

    Limited extraction of lipophilic compounds

[85,87]
UAE
  • -

    Higher extraction yield or rate

  • -

    Opportunity to use alternative (GRAS) solvents

  • -

    Enhancing yield extraction of heat-sensitive components

  • -

    Increase the yield of lipids

  • -

    Scale-up to industrial applications still needs to be explored and optimized

  • -

    Can lead to degradative processes such as lipid oxidation and hydrolysis

  • -

    No selectivity

[91,94]