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The effects of tumor-derived exosomes (TEX) on immune cells—Inhibition of immune cell proliferation (down arrows indicates down-regulation and up arrows indicates up-regulation): Apoptotic induction of activated CD8+ T-cells, induced by up-regulated TGF-β or by inhibitory signals. Suppression of NK cell activity through exosomal TGF-β and toll-like receptor (TLR) activation. Interference with monocyte differentiation and the promotion of Treg, including the expansion of MDSC.
