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. 2021 Sep 15;22(18):9952. doi: 10.3390/ijms22189952

Figure 4.

Figure 4

Acute glucose shift-induced ROS activates the p38 MAPK, JNK and NF-κB signaling pathways. Before exposure of cells to an acute glucose shift, cells were pretreated with NAC (10 mM) for 1 h. Thereafter, cells were incubated under conditions of a glucose shift for 24 h. (A) Cell lysates were subjected to western blotting using antibodies against p-p38 MAPK, p-JNK, and p-NF-κB; (B–D) The protein expression levels of p-p38 MAPK, p-JNK, and p-NF-κB were quantified using ImageJ. Data are presented as the mean ± SEM from at least three independent experiments. * p < 0.05, ** p < 0.01, *** p < 0.001.