Table 2.
Pathways regulating the expression of cardiac connexins.
| Stimulus | Enhanced Number | Enhanced Degradation | Comment |
|---|---|---|---|
| phenylephrine (α-adrenergic stimulator) | Cx43 | via PKC, MAPKs (cardiomyocytes) |
|
| isoprenaline (β-adrenergic stimulator) | Cx43 | via PKA, MAPKs (cardiomyocytes) |
|
| angiotensin-II | Cx43 | via AT1 receptors (cardiomyocytes) |
|
| Endothelin | Cx43 | via ETA-receptors (cardiomyocytes) |
|
| thyroid hormone | Cx40, Cx43 | mechanism unclear | |
| VEGF | Cx43 | via TGFβ | |
| bFGF | Cx43 | via PKCε | |
| EGF | Cx43 | enhanced internalization | |
| Nicotine | Cx37, Cx43 | via nACh-R (endothelium) |