TABLE 2.

Case Series of COVID-19 Subjects and Associated Retinal Findings.

Study	Cohort Size	Mean Age (years)	Medical Status	COVID Confirmation Method and Severity	Retina Signs	OCT Abnormalities	Detailed Findings
Sim et al.35	108	36.4	Not hospitalized	RT-PCR, mild	11.6% combined		Microhemorrhages (n = 6)Vascular tortuosity (n = 3)Cotton wool spots (n = 1)GC-IPL hyperreflective plaques (n = 10)
Pirraglia et al.34	46	70	Hospitalized	RT-PCR, mild to severe	0%	x	No fundus abnormalities
Landecho et al.32	27	56	Discharged	Positive antibodies, moderate (n = 26)severe (n = 1)	22% combined		CWS (n = 6)
Lani-Louzada et al.33	25	51.2	Hospitalized	RT-PCR, moderate to severe	12%	x	CWS and microhemorrhages (n = 1)Flame hemorrhages (n = 1)Microhemorrhages (n = 1)
Pereira et al.29	18	62.5	Hospitalized	RT-PCR, severe	55.60%	x	Flame hemorrhages (n = 4)CWS (n = 4)Flame hemorrhages and CWS (n = 1)Peripheral hemorrhages (n = 2)
Marinho et al.13	12	25-69	Not hospitalized	RT-PCR (n = 9), antibodies (n = 2), mild	100% combined		GCIPL plaques (n = 12) CWS (n = 4)Microhemorrhages (n = 4)
Costa et al. 28	64	46.7-55.6	Hospitalized	RT-PCR, mild to moderate (n = 7), severe (n = 33), critical (n = 24)	17.2%	x	Vascular tortuosity (n = 11)
Bypareddy et al. 31	138	38.5	Hospitalized	RT-PCR, mild to moderate	0.72%	x	Flame hemorrhage (n = 1)
Caporossi et al.36	28	39 to 82	Hospitalized	Not defined, ICU ARDS COVID-19, severe	28.6%	x	Intraretinal microvascular abnormalities, arterial saccular dilatation, CWS, and microhemorrhages (n = 8)

Abbreviations: OCT = optical coherence tomography, RT-PCR = reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction, GC-IPL = ganglion cell-inner plexiform layer, CWS = cotton wool spots, ARDS = adult respiratory distress syndrome