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. 2021 Sep 20;12(9):1446. doi: 10.3390/genes12091446

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Overview of the DDR and p53 functional roles. Upon DNA damage, the damage sensor proteins sense the DNA lesions, recruit and activate the cascade of transducers, which, in turn, activate the DNA damage effectors that exert an appropriate response to fix the damage and maintain the genome integrity. Double-stranded DNA breaks (DSBs) are sensed by the MRN complex and fixed by the ATM/DNA-PK kinase-mediated response pathway. Single-stranded breaks (ssDNA) are sensed by the RPA and RAD complex, which activates the ATR kinase-mediated response. BRCA1—Breast cancer type 1 susceptibility protein, MDC1—Mediator of DNA damage checkpoint protein 1, 53BP1—p53-binding protein 1, TopBP1—DNA Topoisomerase II-Binding Protein 1, ATRIP—ATR interacting protein, POLK—DNA Polymerase Kappa, XPC—DNA repair protein complementing XP-C cells, GADD45A—Growth Arrest and DNA Damage Inducible α, PLK4—Polo-Like Kinase 4, BAX—Bcl-2-associated X protein, NOXA—Phorbol-12-myristate-13-acetate-induced protein 1, PUMA—p53 upregulated modulator of apoptosis, PML—Promyelocytic leukemia protein and PAI-1—Plasminogen activator inhibitor-1.