Table 1.

Summary of different p53 mRNA regions involved in DDR.

Binding Factor	Binding Region (p53)	Function	Reference
Nucleolin	5′ UTR	suppresses p53 translation	[52]
Rpl26	5′ UTR	enhances p53 translation	[52]
Pdcd4	5′ UTR	inhibits p53 translation; during DNA damage, the Pdcd4 levels are reduced, and p53 translation suppression is abrogated	[62]
TCP80	5′ UTR (IRES I)	stimulates p53 translation	[65]
Ku÷(Ku70/Ku80)	5′ UTR (IRES I)	represses p53 translation; during÷DNA damage, the Ku protein is modified and abrogates binding to p53 mRNA and inhibits repression	[66]
hnRNP C1/C2	5′ UTR	stimulates p53 translation	[67]
hnRNP L	5′ UTR	stimulates p53 translation	[68]
hnRNP Q	5′ UTR	stimulates p53 translation	[69]
Dap5	5′ UTR (IRES I) and coding sequence (IRES II)	promotes IRES driven translation	[64]
PTB	5′ UTR (IRES I), coding sequence (IRES II) and 3′UTR	regulates p53 translation	[75,77]
RBM38/RNPC1	5′ UTR and/3′ UTR	represses p53 translation	[63]
MDM2	Coding sequence (IRES II)	enhances p53 translation	[44,78]
MDMX÷(MDM4)	Coding sequence (IRES II)	chaperoning p53 mRNA to facilitate MDM2 binding and enhances p53 translation	[79]
HuR	AU-rich element (3′ UTR)	stabilizes p53 mRNA and enhances translation.	[72]
miRNA-125b	AU-rich element (3′ UTR)	competes with HuR for binding to p53 mRNA and suppresses translation	[74]
PARN	AU-rich element (3′ UTR)	destabilizes p53 mRNA and decreases p53 levels under normal conditions	[76]
Tia1	U-rich element (3′ UTR)	targets p53 mRNA to stress granules under normal conditions; during DNA damage, enhances p53 translation	[80]
40 kDa unknown protein	U-rich element (3′ UTR)	negatively regulates p53 levels under normal conditions, which were relieved during DNA damage	[70]
miR-10b	3′ UTR	regulates the stability of p53 mRNA during cisplatin treatment	[81]