Table 2.
Overview of RNA binding proteins (RBPs) linked with the DDR and functional interplay with p53.
| RBP | Main Feature | Functional Interplay with p53 | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|
| AGO2 | RNA interference | p53 regulates AGO2 association with miRNAs and remodel miRNA-mRNA network during DDR | [96,97,98] |
| BRCA1 | E3 ubiquitin-protein ligase | DNA damage sensor; regulates p53 dependent gene expression | [99,100,101,102] |
| CCAR2 | nuclear protein | activates p53 and induction of p53 dependent apoptosis | [103,104] |
| DAP5 (EIF4G2) | translation initiation factor | stimulates p53 translation under different stress conditions | [64] |
| DDX5÷(p68) | ATP-dependent RNA helicase, transcriptional regulator | required for p53 dependent p21 induction and cell cycle arrest | [105,106] |
| DHX9 (RHA) | ATP-dependent RNA helicase | enhances expression of p53 | [65,107] |
| hnRNP F/H | nuclear ribonucleoprotein | essential for maintaining p53 pre-mRNA 3′-end processing | [83] |
| hnRNPC 1/2 | nuclear ribonucleoprotein | interacts with p53 5′ UTR and stimulates translation | [67] |
| hnRNPUL-1 | transcription regulator | interacts with p53 and inhibits its transcriptional activity during DDR | [108,109] |
| HuR | RBP; interacts with 3′ UTRs of mRNAs | increases the stability of p53 mRNA and translation | [72,110,111] |
| Ku70-Ku80÷(XCCR5-XCCR6) | single-stranded DNA-dependent ATP-dependent helicases; DNA damage sensor | interacts with p53 5′ UTR and suppresses translation under normal conditions; during DDR, Ku protein is modified and releases the suppression of p53 translation | [112,113,114] |
| MDM2 | E3 ubiquitin ligase | enhances p53 translation during DDR | [26,78,87,115] |
| NOP53 | nuclear protein | DNA damage sensor, essential for stabilization of p53 protein | [116,117,118] |
| Nucleolin | nucleolar protein; multifunctional phosphoprotein | represses p53 translation | [53,54] |
| PCBP4÷(MCG10) | poly(C)-binding protein | p53 activates PCBP4 during DDR and induces apoptosis and cell cycle arrest | [119,120] |
| PDCD4 | apoptosis regulation protein | suppresses p53 in normal condition, under DDR PDCD4 levels are reduced | [62] |
| RBM38÷(RNPC1) | RBP; regulates mRNA stability | represses MDM2 and p53 translation | [63,121] |
| RBMX÷(hnRNP G) | nuclear ribonucleoprotein | p53 enhances the expression of RBMX and promotes DNA repair | [122,123] |
| RPL26 | 60S ribosomal protein | enhances p53 translation after DNA damage | [52,53,54] |
| RPS27L | ribosomal protein | direct p53-inducible target, interferes with p53-MDM2 axis | [124,125] |
| TCP80 (IL3) | regulates p53 IRES translation | interacts with 5′ UTR and stimulates p53 translation | [65,107] |
| YB-1 and EWS | multifunctional nucleic acid binding proteins | regulate MDM2 splicing and increase p53 levels during DDR | [126,127,128] |