Table 2.

Studies reporting frostbite long-term sequelae.

Article	Population and Follow Up Timing	Frostbite Grade/Degree	Long-Term Sequelae
Norheim et al., 2018 [15]	Self-reported data of 397 Norwegian soldiers in 2017 having suffered frostbite from 2010–2014	1–2	70 % with long-term sequelae 21% unable to work and undertake usual leisure activities
Carlsson et al., 2014 [16]	Self-reported data of 12 patients; 4 patients with hand frostbite, 6 patients with feet frostbite, and 2 patients with hand and feet frostbite; hand frostbite was followed-up after 4 month and 4 years, foot frostbite only after 4 years	1–2	4 months after frostbite of the hands (n = 6): 100% with discomfort when exposed to cold 67% with cold sensation 67% with white fingers/toes 4 years after frostbite of the hands (n = 6): 100% with discomfort when exposed to cold 83% with cold sensation 17% with white fingers/toes 4 years after frostbite of the feet (n = 8): 89% with discomfort when exposed to cold 100% with cold sensation 100% with white fingers/toes
Koljonen et al., 2004 [17]	Self-reported data form 14 patients with frostbite during the previous 7 years	Not specified	15% with daily, intolerable pain 50% chronic pain 50% with limitations in their social life 36% with poor emotional well being
Ervasti et al., 2000 [18]	Clinical examination of 30 patients with frostbite 4–11 years earlier	2	63% with sequelae of any kind 66% with increased tendency for vasospasm 53% with hypersensitivity to cold 40% with numbness of fingers 33% with declined sensitivity to touch 13% with lowered working ability
Arvesen et al., 1996 * [19]	Clinical examination of 40 Norwegian soldiers with frostbite in the previous 21–78 months; 16 with involvement of the hands and 24 with involvement of the feet	1–3	38% with disturbed sense of cold 38% with disturbed sense of heat 33% skin and nail dystrophia 20% with hyperhidrosis 18% with reduced light-touch perception 18% with reduced pain perceptions 10% with reduced blunt-touch perception 8% with pain on deep pressure5% with paraesthesia 3% with reduced muscle power
Rosen et al., 1991 * [20]	Self-reported data of 40 Norwegian soldiers with frostbite at least 2 years prior; 18 with involvement of the hands and 28 with involvement of the feet	1–3	Hands: 100% with cold hypersensitivity 50% with paraesthesia 61% with hypaesthesia 56% skin and nail dystrophia 44% with pain 6% with hyperaesthesia 6% with hyperhidrosis 6% with arthralgia Feet: 93% with cold hypersensitivity 64% skin and nail dystrophia 54% with pain 46% with paraesthesia 54% with hypaesthesia 14% with hyperhidrosis 11% with hyperaesthesia 7% pain when walking 4% with arthralgia
Taylor et al., 1989 [21]	40 US soldiers examined 6 months after frostbite	1–4	65% with neurovascular sequelae (cold sensitivity, paraesthesia, pain, and hyperaesthesia) 8% had to be reassigned to new functions due to symptom severity
Blair et al., 1957 [22]	Self-reported data of 97 US soldiers with frostbite in previous 4 years; 50 were examined clinically	2–4	Self-reported sequelae in winter 71% with numbness 70% with pain 69% with cold feet 58% with abnormal colour 53% with hyperhidrosis 40% with pathology in joints Self-reported sequelae in summer 31% with numbness 45% with pain 24% with cold feet 31% with abnormal colour 78% with hyperhidrosis 25% with pathology in joints Sequelae detected on physical examination 58% with abnormal nails 48% with abnormal colour 42% with hyperhidrosis 28% with joint stiffness

* Studies about the same subjects.