Table A1.
List of articles analyzed in the systematic review regarding local and seasonality concepts, ordered by publication year.
| Author and Year of Publication | Aim | Sustainable Dimensions |
Methodology | Address or Reference Seasonality |
Scope | Sample | Identified concept of Seasonality * | Identified concept of Local Food ** | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Wilkins, 1996 | To explore the relationship between a preference for local foods and other dietary patterns. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Mailed survey | Yes | Seasonal and Local Food | N = 309 Puget Consumers’ Cooperative (PCC) members (n = 193) and a random selection of Washington State (US) residents (n = 116) |
IS | G | [32] |
| Wilkins et al., 2002 | To explore how consumers conceptualize “local” and “seasonal” as applied to foods. | Social, Economic and Environment | Face-to-face survey open-ended questions about the meanings of local and seasonal foods | Yes | Seasonal and Local Food | N = 120 Shoppers in a grocery store and a food cooperative |
IS | G, R | [25] |
| Morris and Buller, 2003 | To investigate the range and scope of local food production in the county of Gloucestershire and consider the potential of local food production and marketing for adding value for the various actors in the chain. | Economic | Case Study and face-to-face interviews | No | Local Food | N = 23 Farmers (n = 15); retailers (n = 8) |
N.A. | R | [132] |
| Zepeda and Leviten-Reid, 2004 | To investigate consumers’ interests, attitudes, and motivations for buying local food. | Economic and Environment | Focus Group | No | Local Food | N = 41 Alternative food shoppers (n = 22); Conventional consumers (n = 21) |
N.A. | G | [58] |
| Roininen et al., 2005 | To establish the personal values, meanings, and specific benefits consumers relate to local food products. | Social and Economic | Word association and laddering interviews | No | Local Food | N = 55 Consumers | N.A. | H | [103] |
| Selfa and Qazi, 2005 | To exam how consumers and producers conceptualize local. | Social and Economic | Case Study and online survey | Yes | Local Food | Food Chain Key Informants | IS | G | [33] |
| Born and Purcell, 2006 | To theorize geographical scale that entirely precludes the local trap. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Theoretical approach to scale local trap | No | Local Food | Theoretical approach |
N.A. | H | [104] |
| Sirieix et al., 2008 | To identify whether food miles matter to French consumers. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Focus groups and face-to-face interviews | No | Food Miles | N = 26 Random consumers (n = 16) for a focus group; consumers of locally grown organic food consumers for survey (n = 10) |
N.A. | G | [59] |
| Weber and Mattews, 2008 | To compare the life-cycle greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with food production against long-distance distribution. | Environment | Life Cycle Assessment | No | Food Miles | N.A. | N.A. | G | [60] |
| Coley et al., 2009 | To discuss the conception of food miles, followed by an empirical application of food miles to two contrasting food distribution systems based on carbon emissions accounting within these systems. | Environment | Data analysis of fuel and energy use from one UK’s supplier of organic produce | No | Food Miles | N.A. | N.A. | G | [61] |
| Cross et al., 2009 | To compare the self-reported health of farm workers who were producing the same product in four different countries with relevant population norms. | Social | Health-related quality of life approach using survey instrument adapted from SF-36, EuroQuol EQ-5D, and Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) | No | Worker Health in local and global food systems | N = 2545 food systems workers | N.A. | G | [62] |
| Nousiainen et al., 2009 | To examine factors that contribute to the social sustainability of AFS, by focusing on local and organic food system initiatives in Juva, Finland. | Social | Case study and face-to-face interviews | No | Alternative Food Networks | N = 20 AFN stakeholders | N.A. | G, H | [63] |
| Zepeda and Deal, 2009 | To increase understanding of why consumers buy organic and/or local foods. | Economic | Face-to-face interviews | No | Local Food | N = 25 Consumers | N.A. | G | [64] |
| Arnoult et al., 2010 | To estimate willingness to pay for foods of a designated origin, together with certification for organic and free of genetically modified (GM) ingredients. | Economic | Focus groups and face-to-face interviews; choice experiment | Yes | Seasonal Food | N = 222 Consumers | IS | G | [34] |
| Conner et al., 2010 | To identify opportunities and obstacles which inform marketing strategies for local food and farmers markets and reflect the demographic diversity of the state. | Economic | Telephone survey | No | Local Food | N = 953 Consumers | N.A. | G | [65] |
| Louden and MacRae, 2010 | To examine whether current federal labeling rules might impede the marketing of local and sustainable claims. | Economic | Case study; data analysis on current local and sustainable food labeling regulation and application | No | Value-added labels | N.A. | N.A. | G | [66] |
| Milestad et al., 2010 | To explore the social relations between food actors and how “local” and “organic” are expressed by detailing how actors describe qualities of their intra-network relationships, how they understand “local”, and how they are connected within the food system. | Social and Economic | Face-to-face interviews and workshops | Yes | Local Food | N = 15 Food Chain Key Informants | IS | H | [35] |
| Bean and Sharp, 2011 | To examine how two possible consumptive pathways, the purchase of organic foods and/or the purchase of local foods, can affect food sustainability. | Economic | Mailed survey | No | Local and Organic Food | N = 2398 Consumers | N.A. | G | [67] |
| Brooks et al., 2011 | To summarizes research by Defra, which studied consumers’ understanding of, and attitudes to, seasonal foods, and the environmental implications of applying certain “seasonal” definitions to guide food sourcing. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Focus groups, online quantitative survey, and Life Cycle Assessment | Yes | Seasonal Food | N= 1200 Grocery buyers | PS, LS | G | [17] |
| Levidow and Psarikidou, 2011 | To explore agro-food relocalization initiative | Economic and Environment | Case study and face-to-face interviews | No | Local Food | N = 12 Local food chain stakeholders | N.A. | H | [105] |
| Pearson et al., 2011 | To analyze of consumers of a local food retail outlet in the UK that is based on weekly community markets. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Case study; face-to-face survey | Yes | Local Food | N = 183 Consumers | LS | H | [45] |
| Wirth et al., 2011 | To determine the relative strength of two credence attributes, organic and locally produced, within the context of fresh apple. | Economic | Focus groups and online survey; conjoint analysis | No | Local and Organic Food | N = 1218 Consumers | N.A. | G | [68] |
| Hayden and Buck, 2012 | To identify whether and how CSA membership affects environmental ethics. | Economic | Online survey and face-to-face interviews | No | CSA | N = 48 CSA members | N.A. | H | [106] |
| Hu et al., 2012 | To estimate consumer willingness to pay for varieties of a processed food product that are differentiated with respect to their local production labelling and a series of other value-added claims. | Social and Economic | Mailed survey; conjoint analysis | No | Value-added labels | N= 1884 Consumers | N.A. | G | [69] |
| Rainbolt et al., 2012 | To identify factors that might influence consumer valuation of organic, fair trade, and local labeled food. | Economic | Online survey | No | Local Food | N = 1269 Consumers | N.A. | G | [70] |
| Uribe et al., 2012 | To examine whether ecological attitudes of CSA members could predict food and sustainability related behaviors. | Social and Environment | Online survey | Yes | CSA | N = 115 CSA members | IS | H | [36] |
| Amate and González De Molina, 2013 | To evaluate the energy cost of the Spanish agri-food (AFS) system in the year 2000 with a view to ascertaining the relative importance of each link in the agri-food chain. | Environment | Life Cycle Assessment | Yes | Agroecological Food System | N = 1 Country (Spain) | LS | G | [46] |
| Aubry and Kebir, 2013 | To investigate the role of SSFCs in a potential revival of the food supply function of agriculture located close to cities. | Social and Economic | Face-to-face interview | No | Short Food Supply Chains | N = 68 Short supply food chains stakeholders; consumers (n = 90); farmers (n = 60); Decision-makers (n = 8) |
N.A. | H | [107] |
| Fonte, 2013 | To examine the discourses and practices of GAS (Gruppi di Acquisto Solidali) operating in Rome (Italy). | Social, Economic and Environment | Face-to-face interviews | No | Solidarity Purchasing Groups | N = 28 Solidarity Purchasing Groups Representatives | N.A. | H | [108] |
| Long and Murray, 2013 | To explores convergence and divergence of ethical consumption values through a study of organic, fair trade, and local food consumers in Colorado | Economic | Mailed survey and focus groups | No | Ethical consumption | N = 469 Consumers | N.A. | H | [109] |
| Pratt, 2013 | To analyses a small island ecotourism project in Fiji in the context of food miles and sustainability. | Social and Economic | Online survey | Yes | Food Miles | N = 205 Consumers | LS | G | [47] |
| Röös and Karlsson, 2013 | To investigate how the carbon footprint of yearly per capita consumption of tomatoes and carrots in Sweden was affected by seasonal consumption according to interpretations of seasonality found in communications from Swedish NGOs and authorities. | Environment | Data analysis of carbon footprint of yearly per capita consumption of tomatoes and carrots in Sweden was affected by seasonal consumption according to interpretations of seasonality | Yes | Seasonal Food and Carbon Footprint | N.A. | IS, PS, LS | G | [30] |
| Schnell, 2013 | To explore the ongoing debates over food miles and local food. | Social, Economic and Environment | Face-to-face interviews | Yes | Food Miles and CSAs | N = 30 CSA members | IS | H | [37] |
| Sneyd, 2013 | To analyze wild food consumption in urban areas of Cameroon. | Social and Economic | Face-to-face interviews | Yes | Wild Food | N = 371 household and market’s consumers | IS | G | [38] |
| Wang et al., 2013 | To identify the patterns of main meal preparation among Australian adult household meal preparers and the relationships between these patterns and likely socio-demographic and psychological predictors. | Economic | Online survey | Yes | Patterns of main meal preparation | N = 222 Consumers | IS | - | [31] |
| Echeverría et al., 2013 | To elicit the WTP of Chilean consumers towards the carbon footprint of food products, controlling for several consumer’s attributes. | Economic and Environment | Contingent valuation; double bounded dichotomous choice survey | No | Carbon footprint on foods | N = 774 Supermarket consumers | N.A. | G | [71] |
| Foster et al., 2013 | To explore the environmental implications of upstream changes that arise as supply of particular foodstuffs progresses through the year. | Environment | Life Cycle Assessment | Yes | Seasonal Food | Data analysis | PS, LS | G | [19] |
| Knutson et al., 2014 | To analyze the public role of trade of U.S. fresh fruit and vegetable demand. | Economic | Data analysis of prices and quantities for fruits and fresh vegetables in USA from 1970 to 2011; vector autoregression | Yes | Fresh Fruit and Vegetable Demand | N = 1 Country (United States of America) | PS | [44] | |
| Lillywhite and Simonsen, 2014 | To evaluate consumers’ locally produced ingredient preferences relative to the price of the dining experience and restaurant type. | Social and Economic | Online survey; conjoint analysis | No | Local Food | N = 320 Consumers | N.A. | G | [72] |
| Cleveland et al., 2015 | To analyze the origin and effects of the focus on spatial scale and build on this analysis by operationalizing the concept of “local” food. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Case study; data analysis of public comments associated with reducing food miles as an action for and indicator of alternative food systems | No | Local Food | N = 496 comments | N.A. | G, H | [73] |
| Dedeurwaerdere et al., 2015 | To analyze the governance features of local food buying groups by comparing 104 groups in five cities in Belgium. | Economic | Face-to-face interviews | No | Local Food | N = 104 Collective Food Buying Groups Members | N.A. | H | [115] |
| Favilli et al., 2015 | To analyze the innovation potential of a local food network. | Social | Case Study; action research and participatory approach; workshops and face-to-face interviews | No | Organic Food | N = 20 Organic Food Systems stakeholders | N.A. | H | [116] |
| Memery et al., 2015 | To investigate how attributes associated with local food (intrinsic product quality; local support) motivate purchase behavior. | Economic | Online survey | No | Local Food | N = 1223 Consumers | N.A. | H | [117] |
| Aprile et al., 2016 | To examine consumers’ perception, attitude, and motivations for buying local foods and identify profiles of local foods’ consumers. | Economic | Face-to-face survey | No | Local Food | N = 200 Consumers | N.A. | G, H | [74] |
| Balázs et al., 2016 | To examine how farmer led CSA movement in Hungary creates an alternative in the dominant food regime. | Social and Economic | Face-to-face semi-structured interviews; a consumer-member survey and secondary data sources were utilized; the data analysis used thematic coding. | Yes | CSA | N = 91 Producers (N = 5); Policy makers and experts (n = 3); CSA Members (n = 83) |
IS | H | [39] |
| De Boer et al., 2016 | To explore how the transition to a low-carbon society to mitigate climate change can be better supported by a diet change. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Online survey; profile analysis was used to assess how the participants evaluated the mitigation options. | Yes | Carbon Footprint | N = 1083 Consumers from the Netherlands (n = 527) and the United States (n = 556) |
LS | G | [26] |
| Chiffoleau et al., 2016 | To explore the conditions under which local food chains in urban food systems can bring about an evolution in the practices and knowledge of “ordinary” actors with no or limited skills in agriculture and/or awareness of sustainability. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Case Study; face-to-face interviews | Yes | Short Food Supply Chain | N = 60 Retailers (n = 30); Consumers (n = 30) |
LS | H | [48] |
| Darolt et al., 2016 | To show that alternative food networks produce social innovation, diversity, and new values that can contribute to reconnect producers and consumers, aggregate value to local markets through short distribution channels. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Face-to-face interviews | Yes | Alternative Food Networks | N = 20 Food Chain Key Informants | LS | H | [49] |
| Hvitsand, 2016 | To identify why Norwegian producers and consumers engage in CSA and how CSA can be seen as a transformational act toward food system changes. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Face-to-face interviews with farmers; online survey with CSA members | Yes | CSA | N = 456 Farmers (n = 7); Consumers (n = 449) |
LS | H | [50] |
| Merle et al., 2016 | To examine the impact of a local origin label on perceptions and purchase intent regarding food products. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Online survey | Yes | Indication of Local Geographic Origin | N = 509 Consumers | LS | G, H, R | [51] |
| Mundler and Laughrea, 2016 | To evaluate the contributions of SFSCs to territorial development in three contrasting Quebec territories. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Case Study; online survey | No | Short Food Supply Chains | N = 97 Short supply food chains stakeholders |
N.A. | H | [110] |
| O’Kane, 2016 | To examine the individual, social, physical, and macro-level environments that can positively or negatively influence peoples’ engagement with food citizenship. | Social and Economic | Focus groups; narrative inquiry | Yes | Food Citizenship | N = 52 Community gardeners (n = 6); regular farmers’ market shoppers (n = 10); CSA members (n = 4); fresh food market (n = 8); and supermarket shoppers (n = 24) |
IS | H | [14] |
| Schmitt et al., 2016 | To compare the multi-dimensional performance of a local with a global food chain. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Selection of a set of attributes and indicators of performance to compare the multidimensional performance of a local with a global food chain; face-to-face interviews | No | Local and Global milk chain | N = 10 Local milk stakeholders (n = 6); Global milk stakeholders (n = 4) |
N.A. | G, R | [75] |
| Touzard et al., 2016 | To objectivize which aspects of wine are local, and which are global, using a multidimensional analytical approach. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Case study; analytical and participatory approach; focus groups and face-to-face interviews | No | Local and Global wine | N = 24 Local wine chain stakeholders | N.A. | G, R | [76] |
| Bakos et al., 2017 | To present an overview of the development and current state of CSAs systems on the international and Hungarian level. | Social and Economic | Face-to-face survey | Yes | CSA | N = 817 | IS | H | [40] |
| Bellante, 2017 | To explore innovative strategies and limitations of AFNs. | Social and Economic | Case study and face-to-face interviews | No | Alternative Food Networks | N = 51 Local Food Systems stakeholders | N.A. | H | [111] |
| Berg and Preston, 2017 | To address the question of which observable factors about consumers are relatively important in influencing expenditures, shopping frequencies, and willingness to pay (WTP) premiums for local food. | Economic | Face-to-face interviews | No | Local Food | N = 237 Farm Market Consumers | N.A. | G | [77] |
| Bianchi, 2017 | To examine the drivers of local food purchase intentions for Chilean consumers | Economic | Online survey | No | Local Food | N = 1000 Consumers | N.A. | G, H | [78] |
| Granvik et al., 2017 | To contribute to knowledge on definitions, interpretations, and practices of local food by presenting views and opinions among different actors in the food chain in a Swedish context. | Social and Economic | Online survey | No | Local Food | N= 158 Local Food Systems stakeholders from: Sweden (n = 97); Austria (n = 2); Great Britain (n = 23); Denmark (n = 1); Finland (n = 1); Italy (n = 3); Norway (n = 1); Spain (n = 1); The Netherlands (n = 6); and USA (n = 22) |
N.A. | G, H, R | [79] |
| Lurie and Brekken, 2017 | To analyze the contribution of small-scale agriculture in rural Oregon to the framework. | Economic | Online survey | No | New natural resource economy | N = 642 Farmers (n = 153); Consumers (n = 489) |
N.A. | H | [112] |
| Lutz et al., 2017 | To illustrate various forms of cooperation in relation to small-scale farming and the establishment of local food supply. | Social and Economic | Case study; Social Multi-Criteria Evaluation and workshops | No | Local Food | N = 6 Farmers | N.A. | H | [113] |
| Russel and Zepeda, 2017 | To examine attitude and behavior change associated with CSA membership. | Social and Economic | Focus groups | No | CSA | N = 23 CSA members | N.A. | H | [114] |
| Schmutz et al., 2017 | To build a more detailed understanding of different types of urban SFSC and their relative performance compared to each other. | Social and Economic | Case study; sustainability impact assessment; workshop and face-to-face interviews | No | Short Food Supply Chains | N = 86 Short supply food chains stakeholders |
N.A. | H | [119] |
| Schoolman, 2017 | To explore whether growth in local food systems is associated with decreased on-farm use of agricultural chemicals. | Environment | Longitudinal data analysis from the US Census of Agriculture to explore whether growth in local food systems is associated with decreased on-farm use of agricultural chemicals. | No | Local food | N.A. | N.A. | G | [80] |
| Telligman et al., 2017 | To investigate U.S. consumers’ perceptions of local beef, including the definitions and types of quality perceptions held for local beef products. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Face-to-face interviews | No | Local beef | N = 174 Beef consumers | N.A. | G, H | [81] |
| Tichenor et al., 2017 | To quantify the environmental burdens of grass-fed beef with management-intensive grazing and confinement dairy beef production systems in the northeastern U.S. | Environment | Life cycle assessment | No | Beef production systems | N.A. | N.A. | G | [82] |
| White and Bunn, 2017 | To identify a series of emergent policy pathways for UA practice and demonstrate that local government can assume a diverse leadership role as a promoter, enabler, and manager of UA. | Social and Environment | Case study; participant observation; focus groups and face-to-face interviews. | No | Urban agriculture | N = 30 Urban Agriculture actors | N.A. | H | [118] |
| De Chabert-Rios et al., 2018 | To understand the reasons why some restaurateurs are entering the farming business, and to learn about the financial, operational, and customer-related benefits and challenges encountered by restaurateurs operating their own farms. | Economic | Case study and face-to-face interviews | Yes | Local Food | N = 3 Restaurants | LS | G | [27] |
| Crawford et al., 2018 | To understand the socio-demographic characteristics and motivations, concerns, and attitudes of shoppers attending farmers’ markets in Sydney. | Social | Face-to-face survey | Yes | Local Food | N = 633 Farmers’ Markets Consumers | LS | G | [28] |
| Furman and Papavasiliou, 2018 | To examine how a food hub with close ties to the local food movement in Atlanta, Georgia contends with this issue as it articulates with larger markets. | Social and Economic | Case study; participatory action research; face-to-face interviews | No | Food Hubs | N = 34 Food hub managers (n = 5); farmers (n = 21); chefs (n = 8) |
N.A. | H | [120] |
| Hashem et al., 2018 | To explain the growing interest of English consumers in local organic food sold through box schemes. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Face-to-face interviews; online survey | No | Local and Organic Box Schemes | N = 438 Box scheme consumers | N.A. | H | [122] |
| Kulick, 2018 | To explore how one statewide food network in the United States seeks to involve youth contending with the juvenile justice system in a job readiness program. | Social | Case study; participatory action research; face-to-face interview | No | Alternative Food Networks | N = 24 Stakeholders in the local food (n = 7) and juvenile justice system (n = 17) |
N.A. | H | [99] |
| McKay et al., 2018 | To examine restaurant WTP for local products. | Economic | Telephone survey; contingent valuation | No | Local Food | N = 152 Restaurants | N.A. | G | [83] |
| Pícha et al., 2018 | To test the parameters that influenced preferences among food products branded as national, regional, or local products. | Social and Economic | Face-to-face survey | No | Local Food | N = 988 Consumers | N.A. | G, H, R | [90] |
| Scalvedi and Saba, 2018 | To identify sustainability aspects that overlap with local and organic consumer profiles in order to provide evidence that can be used to promote both kinds of foods in a sustainable food consumption (SFC) integrated framework. | Social and Economic | Face-to-face survey | Yes | Local and Organic Food | N = 3004 Consumers | N.A. | G, H | [21] |
| Schmitt et al., 2018 | To address the lack of metrics for quantifying the degree of localness of a food value chain (FVC) using a multi-criteria evaluation. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Case study and face-to-face interviews | No | Local Food | N = 97 Local (n = 11) and global (n = 86) cheese chain stakeholders |
N.A. | G, H, R | [54] |
| Skog et al., 2018 | To investigate how adaptive governance of LFS can provide ideas and act as a catalyst for creating resilience in other social-ecological systems. | Social and Economic | Case study and face-to-face interviews | No | Local Food | N = 20 Local Food Systems stakeholders | N.A. | G, H | [95] |
| Tookes et al., 2018 | To examine the interplay between demand for local and ethically sourced foods and the implications for seafood sustainability in the U.S. south. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Face-to-face survey | Yes | Local Seafood | N = 500 Farmers market shoppers | LS | H | [52] |
| Vitali et al., 2018 | To assess greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions associated with a local organic beef supply chain using a cradle-to-grave approach. | Environment | Life Cycle Assessment | No | Local Organic Beef | N.A. | N.A. | G | [84] |
| Baldy, 2019 | To identify how local actors are framing the food system and what this means for increasing sustainability. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Case study; participatory observation; workshops and face-to-face interviews | No | Local Food | N = 26 Local Food Systems stakeholders | N.A. | G | [96] |
| Beingessner and Flecher, 2019 | To examine local food systems from the producer perspective in a rural context of high industrialization and geographical dispersion. | Social and Economic | Case study; face-to-face interviews and focus groups | No | Local Food | N = 60 Local Food Systems stakeholders | N.A. | H | [100] |
| Bernard et al., 2019 | To examine the impacts of minimal-information labels using field experiments with watermelons. | Economic | Face-to-face interviews | No | Value-added labels | N = 328 Consumers | N.A. | G | [91] |
| Bryla, 2019 | To assess the level and predictors of regional ethnocentrism on the market of regional food products in the context of sustainable consumption. | Economic | Computer-assisted web interview | No | Regional Ethnocentrism | N = 1000 Consumers | N.A. | R | [133] |
| Chen et al., 2019 | To analyze how the motivation, barriers, and methods of advertisement influence the participation dynamics of CSA by segmenting consumers based on their past, current, and future CSA participation. | Social and Economic | Online survey | Yes | CSA | N = 795 Consumers | N.A. | H | [29] |
| Corsi and Mazzocchi, 2019 | To assesses the agricultural and territorial drivers that influence the development of AFNs. | Social | Data analysis of the factors influencing the participation of consumers and farmers in AFNs using an Ordinary Least Squares (OLS) regression | No | Alternative Food Networks | N.A | N.A | H | [128] |
| Denver et al., 2019 | To investigate the preferences and trade-offs of distinct consumer segments relative to organic production and several dimensions of local food. | Economic | Online survey; choice experiment | No | Local and Organic Food | N = 505 Consumers | N.A. | G | [85] |
| Fan et al., 2019 | To assess the effect of locally grown information on consumer WTP and quality perceptions of three broccoli varieties. | Economic | Sensory evaluation of broccoli using affective test | No | Local Food | N = 240 Consumers | N.A. | G | [86] |
| Meyerdin et al., 2019 | To explore whether consumers prefer specific local food labeling strategies to others, and where there is a difference between fresh and processed tomatoes. | Economic | Face-to-face to survey; choice-based conjoint analysis | Yes | Local Food | N = 640 German Consumers | PS | G | [15] |
| Nakandala and Lau, 2019 | To investigate the characteristics of demand and supply in relation to the real-world supply chain strategies of local urban fresh food supply chains. | Social and Economic | Case study; face-to-face interviews | Yes | Urban fresh food supply chains | N = 12 Urban local fresh food retailers | IS | G | [41] |
| Nicolosi et al., 2019 | To analyze the preferences of Swedish consumers for local/artisanal cheeses and the purchase motivations that guide their choices. | Social | Face-to-face interviews; social network analysis | No | Local Food | N = 200 Consumers | N.A. | H, R | [122] |
| Olson et al., 2019 | To assesses the impact of the local food economy in Hardwick using environmental, economic, and social outcomes. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Face-to-face interviews | No | Local Food | N = 21 Local Food Systems stakeholders |
N.A. | R | [131] |
| Osei-Owusu et al., 2019 | To assesses the global cropland footprint of Danish food and feed supply. | Environment | Data analysis assessing the global cropland footprint of Danish food and feed supply from 2000 to 2013 using a consumption-based physical accounting approach | No | Footprint | N.A. | N.A. | G | [92] |
| Paul, 2019 | To investigate if a new model of farming—CSA—is delivering sustainable livelihoods to farmers. | Social and Economic | Face-to-face interviews | No | CSA | N = 14 CSA farmers | N.A. | H | [122] |
| Profeta and Hamm, 2019 | To analyze if a local feed origin labelling is a promising strategy to accompany the efforts being made in the production of local feedstuffs. | Social and Economic | Computer self-assisted personal interviews; discrete-choice experiment | No | Local Food | N = 1602 Consumers | N.A. | H | [101] |
| Santo and Moragues-Faus, 2019 | To examine the trans-local dimension of food policy networks and its potential to facilitate transformative food system reform. | Social and Economic | Case study; participant observation; face-to-face interviews | No | Local Food | N = 22 Trans-local food policy networks projects members | N.A. | G | [98] |
| Tang et al., 2019 | To identify the experiences and current problems and demonstrating recent research and development status of CSA in China. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Data analysis of CSA status in China | No | CSA | Data analysis | N.A. | H | [124] |
| Tatebayashi et al., 2019 | To identify the structure of food-sharing networks and non- market food species. | Social | Face-to-face interviews and online survey | Yes | Food Sharing Network | N = 281 Farmers (n = 15); consumers (251) |
IS | H | [43] |
| Werner et al., 2019 | To identify key factors of understanding local food systems from a regional perspective. | Social and Economic | Online and mailed survey; discrete choice analysis; data analysis of farmland acreage | No | Local Food | N = 756 Restaurants (n = 109); consumers (n = 647) |
N.A. | G | [87] |
| Witzling and Shaw, 2019 | To understand local food consumers and take steps to begin to identify how targeted messages could engage different groups. | Economic | Mailed survey | No | Local Food | N = 577 Consumers | N.A. | H | [102] |
| Bareja-Wawryszuk, 2020 | To analyze of the forms of organization and spatial concentration of local food systems in Poland. | Economic | Data analysis based on the register of local entities to identify and characterize the forms of organization of local food systems in Poland | No | Local Food | N = 1067 Consumers | N.A. | G | [88] |
| Barska and Wojciechowska-Solis, 2020 | To identify the behavior of Polish consumers shopping online for local food products and to identify barriers to purchase. | Economic | Online survey | No | Local Food | N = 1067 Consumers | N.A. | G, H | [97] |
| Birtalan et al., 2020 | To explore food-related well-being among CSA members. | Social and Economic | Face-to-face interviews; thematic analysis | Yes | CSA | N = 35 CSA members | LS | H | [53] |
| Bisht, 2020 | To explore the effects of the implementation of sustainability practices to traditional farming and food systems. | Social and Economic | Focus-group | No | Local and Organic Food | N = 1000 Farmers | N.A. | H | [125] |
| Fogarassy et al., 2020 | To explore the circular characteristics of consumers’ attitude towards food purchasing in Hungary. | Economic | Face-to-face interviews | No | Circular Economy and Organic Food | N = 828 Consumers | N.A. | H | [129] |
| Horská et al., 2020 | To identify the factors that influence the sales of local products with a focus on value-added dairy products. | Social and Economic | Case study; face-to-face interviews | No | Short Food Supply Chains | N = 30 Family Farms | N.A. | H | [127] |
| Kopczyńska, 2020 | To compare the collectives based on novel alternative food networks and traditional networks. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Face-to-face interviews | Yes | Local Food | N = 38 Consumers | IS | H | [42] |
| Ku and Kan, 2020 | To examines the potential contribution of social work intervention in responding to China’s agrarian challenges. | Social and Economic | Case study; participatory action research | No | Local Food | N = 347 Households | N.A. | H, R | [126] |
| Marchetti et al., 2020 | To present and denounce environmentally and socially unsustainable agricultural practice, which cause negative effects on environment, health, and social and intergenerational equity. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Grounded theory approach; desk analysis to detail some directions and perspectives about food production systems and sustainability | No | Food Production System | N.A. | N.A. | H | [22] |
| Oravecz et al., 2020 | To identify the main characteristics of Hungarian consumer preferences when buying honey. | Economic | Face-to-face interviews | No | Local Food | N = 1584 Consumers | N.A. | G | [89] |
| Printezis and Grebitus et al., 2020 | To investigate the preferences and willingness to pay of college student millennials for unprocessed (fresh) or processed (typically come in a container) food products sold at urban farms. | Economic | Online survey; choice experiment | No | Urban Agriculture | N = 443 College Students |
N.A. | G | [93] |
| Sanjuán-López and Resano-Ezcaray, 2020 | To analyze the willingness to pay for the local, organic, and PDO (Protected Designation of Origin), their differences across experimental conditions, and by identifying the effects of personal characteristics. | Economic | Face-to-face interviews; choice experiment with the Random Utility Model | No | Local Food | N = 208 Consumers | N.A. | R | [134] |
| Tremblay et al., 2020 | To identify and describe the dietary importance of different wild animal species across the range of communities included and assess the extent to which dietary diversity correlates with geography, culture, and ecology. | Social and Environment | Case study and face-to-face interviews | No | Local Food | N = 21 Indigenous communities | N.A. | R | [130] |
| González-azcárate et al., 2021 | To achieve a better understanding of SFSCs in terms of potential market niches, key food choice attributes, and perceived barriers and drivers. | Social, Economic, and Environment | Face-to-face and random telephone survey | No | Short Food Supply Chains | N = 1969 Active SFSC consumers (N = 394); potential SFSC consumers (N = 422) and the general public in Spain (N = 1153). |
N.A. | G | [94] |
| Kim and Huang, 2021 | To develop a novel framework of local food consumption which explores the dynamic relationships among local food ideology. | Economic | Online survey | No | Local Food | N = 297 Consumers |
N.A. | G, H, R | [56] |
| Kuhl et al., 2021 | To analyze how an ideal local beef production should be constituted. | Economic | Online survey | No | Local Beef | N = 432 Consumers | N.A. | G | [57] |
| Moreno and Malone, 2021 | To explore the interaction between local food identity and agricultural production. | Economic | Online survey; discrete choice experiment | No | Local Food | N = 484 Consumers |
N.A. | R | [135] |
* Concepts of seasonal food: IS—In season; PS—Produced in season; LS—Local seasonal. ** Concepts of local food: G—Geographic; H—Holistic; R—Regional; N.A—Not applicable.