Table 1.

Summary of previous studies on the effect of flow rate on hydroponic plant growth.

Study	Flow Rate (L/min) (Optimal Value for Best Yield)	Plant Species
Genuncio et al. (2000) [10]	0.75, 1, 1.5 (1.5)	Lettuce
AI-Tawaha et al. (2018) [11]	10, 20, 30 (20)
Dalastra et al. (2020) [8]	0.5, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0 (1.0)
Khater et al. (2015) [28]	1.0, 1.5, 2.0 (1.0)
Nuwansi et al. (2016) [29]	0.8, 2.4, 4.0 (0.8)	Spinach
Endut et al. (2009) [30]	0.8, 1.6, 2.4, 3.2, 4.0 (1.6)
Hussain et al. (2015) [31]	1.0, 1.5, 3.2 (1.5)
Bateer et al. (2021) [7]	0, 2, 4, 6, 8 (6)	Swiss chard
Hammady et al. (2020) [9]	1.5, 2.5 (1.5)	Cauliflower