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ESBL and carbapenemase detection by disc diffusion tests. Schematic overview of disc diffusion assay variations for detection of ESBL and carbapenemase-producing strains. (A) Principle of susceptibility testing by disc diffusion assay. (B) Modified Hodge test. (C) Combined disc test. (D) Double-disc synergy test. (E) β-lactam inactivation assay (e.g., CIM).
