Table 3.
Hazard ratios and 95% CIs for overall survival associations with modifiable lifestyle exposures.
| Localized/Regional (Stage I, II, III) (n = 213) Adjusted All-Cause Mortality * |
Advanced/Metastatic (Stage IV) (n = 145) Adjusted All-Cause Mortality ** |
||||||||||
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Deaths/ Total |
HR | 95% CI |
p Value |
Deaths/ Total |
HR | 95% CI |
p Value |
||||
| LL | UL | LL | UL | ||||||||
| Smoking history | Never Former Current |
20/44 72/113 37/48 |
Ref 1.54 2.54 |
0.93 1.42 |
2.56 4.53 |
0.097 0.002 |
24/26 80/88 22/25 |
Ref 1.20 0.87 |
0.72 0.47 |
1.98 1.61 |
0.484 0.642 |
| Smoking pack-years (ever smokers) |
<15 15-29 30-44 45+ |
17/26 18/25 22/31 31/42 |
Ref 0.82 0.89 1.02 |
0.39 0.53 0.53 |
1.61 1.99 1.87 |
0.524 0.927 0.980 |
17/20 17/18 14/19 29/30 |
Ref 1.86 0.99 0.82 |
0.90 0.45 0.41 |
3.83 2.16 1.65 |
0.094 0.972 0.579 |
| Alcohol use | Never Social drinker Heavy drinker |
26/36 71/110 23/37 |
Ref 0.81 0.75 |
0.51 0.41 |
1.29 1.37 |
0.370 0.341 |
23/24 73/81 23/24 |
Ref 1.01 0.89 |
0.62 0.49 |
1.64 1.61 |
0.965 0.699 |
| BMI | <25.0 25–29.99 30+ |
32/45 45/66 53/96 |
Ref 0.84 0.79 |
0.53 0.50 |
1.34 1.24 |
0.465 0.305 |
33/37 44/49 51/55 |
Ref 0.76 1.34 |
0.47 0.86 |
1.21 2.10 |
0.242 0.198 |
| Physical activity: Pre-diagnostic (moderate/vigorous) |
No Yes |
48/61 21/34 |
Ref 0.69 |
0.39 |
1.21 |
0.197 |
48/52 17/18 |
Ref 0.89 |
0.51 |
1.56 |
0.628 |
| Physical activity: Current | No Yes |
40/46 30/50 |
Ref 0.58 |
0.35 |
0.96 |
0.035 |
33/37 32/33 |
Ref 1.17 |
0.70 |
1.96 |
0.550 |
| Prior antacid use | No Yes |
43/72 87/135 |
Ref 1.09 |
0.75 |
1.61 |
0.648 |
53/57 75/84 |
Ref 1.00 |
0.69 |
1.46 |
0.997 |
| Prior statin use | No Yes |
75/120 55/87 |
Ref 1.00 |
0.68 |
1.46 |
0.993 |
74/81 54/60 |
Ref 0.62 |
0.42 |
0.92 |
0.018 |
| Prior NSAID use | No Yes |
90/140 40/67 |
Ref 1.12 |
0.76 |
1.65 |
0.575 |
80/84 48/57 |
Ref 0.61 |
0.42 |
0.91 |
0.016 |
* Adjusted for age, sex, stage, treatment (surgery and chemotherapy [excluding neoadjuvant]), and comorbidities. ** Adjusted for age, sex, treatment (chemotherapy), and comorbidities. Ref, reference group. Statistically significant associations (p < 0.05) are in bold.