Table 1.
Baseline characteristics of the subjects participating in the trial.
| Parameter | All Subjects (n = 64) |
IS + Placebo (n = 14) |
IS + n-3 PUFA (n = 13) |
CR + Placebo (n = 14) |
CR + n-3 PUFA (n = 23) |
p-Value * |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Age (years) | 41.0 ± 9.9 | 43 ± 11 1 | 39 ± 5 | 37 ± 10 | 44 ± 10 | 0.203 |
| Sex, female (%) | 55 (n = 35) | 50 (n = 7) | 54 (n = 7) | 72 (n = 10) | 48 (n = 11) | >0.05 |
| EPA in plasma PC (weight%) |
2.43 ± 2.00 | 1.49 (1.12, 2.76) 2 |
2.42 (1.49, 4.25) |
1.49 (1.11, 2.13) |
1.47 (1.19, 2.67) |
0.241 |
| DHA in plasma PC (weight%) |
3.78 ± 1.32 | 3.52 (3.03, 4.88) |
4.45 (3.08, 4.74) |
3.69 (2.87, 5.07) |
3.36 (2.68, 4.12) |
0.445 |
| EPA in RBC membranes (weight%) |
1.16 ± 0.65 | 1.01 (0.74, 1.54) |
0.96 (0.89, 1.51) |
1.050 (0.77, 1.27) |
1.00 (0.83, 1.23) |
0.861 |
| DHA in RBC membranes (weight%) |
4.29 ± 1.20 | 4.15 ± 1.30 | 4.34 ± 1.21 | 4.50 ± 1.44 | 4.22 ± 1.03 | 0.884 |
| Omega-3 index (weight%) | 5.45 ± 1.67 | 5.15 (4.58, 6.01) |
5.73 (4.84, 6.21) |
5.50 (3.97, 6.78) |
5.16 (4.90, 5.69) |
0.865 |
| Weight (kg) | 96.05 ± 14.29 | 92.20 ± 12.69 | 90.65 ± 16.73 | 100.51 ± 9.69 | 98.73 ± 15.33 | 0.168 |
| BMI (kg/m2) | 32.98 ± 4.01 | 31.56 ± 3.75 | 30.84 ± 3.48 | 35.26 ± 3.14 * | 33.67 ± 4.18 | 0.008 |
| Waist circumference Females (cm) | 95.1 ± 13.6 | 96.0 (90.0, 101.5) |
94.0 (88.0, 99.0) |
102.0 (99.0, 106.5) |
95.0 (88.0, 98.0) |
0.161 |
| Waist circumference Males (cm) | 111.7 ± 9.4 | 105.4 ± 13.9 | 112.0 ± 9.0 | 115.0 ± 4.8 | 114.5 ± 5.7 | 0.206 |
| WHR | 0.90 ± 0.12 | 0.89 (0.82, 0.96) |
0.95 (0.85, 0.98) |
0.86 (0.82, 0.96) |
0.90 (0.82, 0.99) |
0.909 |
| WHR females | 0.82 ± 0.10 | 0.82 (0.80, 0.83) |
0.83 (0.82, 0.91) |
0.84 (0.80, 0.85) |
0.82 (0.80, 0.83) |
0.345 |
| WHR males | 0.99 ± 0.05 | 0.99 ± 0.06 | 0.98 ± 0.02 | 1.01 ± 0.06 | 1.00 ± 0.04 | 0.852 |
| Adipose tissue (%) | 35.16 ± 6.58 | 33.71 ± 7.15 | 31.90 ± 4.99 | 38.75 ± 6.88 | 35.85 ± 6.14 | 0.073 |
| Total cholesterol (mmol/L) | 5.29 ± 0.94 | 5.47 ± 1.20 | 5.36 ± 0.83 | 4.85 ± 0.98 | 5.40 ± 0.75 | 0.267 |
| HDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 1.25 ± 0.22 | 1.31 ± 0.23 | 1.20 ± 0.18 | 1.21 ± 0.22 | 1.25 ± 0.24 | 0.552 |
| LDL-cholesterol (mmol/L) | 3.36 ± 0.83 | 3.55 ± 0.90 | 3.58 ± 0.86 | 2.99 ± 0.78 | 3.35 ± 0.77 | 0.233 |
| NEFAs (mmol/L) | 0.74 ± 0.27 | 0.81 ± 0.32 | 0.65 ± 0.22 | 0.74 ± 0.28 | 0.75 ± 0.27 | 0.535 |
| TGs (mmol/L) | 1.54 ± 0.82 | 1.11 (0.87, 1.24) |
1.17 (0.88, 1.70) |
1.34 (1.04, 1.77) |
1.71 (1.11, 2.57) |
0.152 |
| Glucose (mmol/L) | 5.24 ± 0.54 | 4.85 (4.80, 5.63) |
4.95 (4.80, 5.35) |
5.08 (4.91, 5.31) |
5.35 (5.05, 5.80) |
0.109 |
| Insulin (µIU/mL) | 15.84 ± 8.32 | 14.67 ± 6.41 | 12.55 ± 5.16 | 19.84 ± 11.29 | 15.78 ± 8.01 | 0.145 |
| HOMA-IR | 3.74 ± 2.10 | 3.50 ± 1.86 | 2.84 ± 1.29 | 4.52 ± 2.63 | 3.88 ± 2.14 | 0.182 |
| GIP (pg/mL) | 32.54 ± 23.28 | 33.16 ± 13.58 | 22.95 ± 13.41 | 38.59 ± 33.40 | 33.52 ± 24.05 | 0.157 |
| Leptin (ng/mL) | 30.89 ± 22.30 | 26.86 ± 16.90 | 23.62 ± 13.61 | 42.12 ± 21.68 | 30.61 ± 27.48 | 0.125 |
| Leptin females (ng/mL) | 42.71 ± 23.33 | 36.73 ± 15.01 | 31.79 ± 13.20 | 16.70 ± 6.61 | 45.79 ± 33.57 | 0.242 |
| Leptin males (ng/mL) | 16.62 ± 8.53 | 17.00 ± 12.88 | 14.09 ± 5.75 | 19.56 ± 10.38 | 16.70 ± 6.61 | 0.815 |
| Adiponectin (µg/mL) | 5.81 ± 3.04 | 6.37 ± 4.21 | 6.59 ± 2.35 | 4.96 ± 2.48 | 5.56 ± 2.87 | 0.468 |
| IL-6 (pg/mL) | 1.47 ± 1.07 | 1.38 (1.01, 1.73) |
0.81 (0.71, 0.99) |
1.40 (1.10, 2.27) |
1.08 (0.87, 1.68) |
0.107 |
| CRP (mg/L) | 2.43 ± 2.14 | 0.90 (0.61, 3.65) |
1.30 (0.63, 2.28) |
3.28 (0.74, 5.04) |
2.20 (0.66, 4.24) |
0.331 |
| Resistin (ng/mL) | 9.49 ± 3.14 | 9.42 ± 3.81 | 9.01 ± 2.15 | 9.26 ± 3.08 | 9.96 ± 3.34 | 0.835 |
| Visfatin (ng/mL) | 1.16 ± 0.94 | 1.14 ± 0.35 | 0.95 ± 0.61 | 1.12 ± 0.67 | 1.33 ± 0.98 | 0.411 |
| sE-selectin (pg/mL) | 39.09 ± 15.30 | 45.13 ± 10.64 | 31.81 ± 12.69 | 37.66 ± 12.70 | 40.35 ± 18.92 | 0.170 |
| MCP-1 (pg/mL) | 352.99 ± 94.63 | 411.04 ± 95.39 | 301.49 ± 59.90 | 336.98 ± 65.71 | 356.78 ± 109.10 | 0.098 |
| sVCAM-1 (ng/mL) | 591.50 ± 140.37 | 558.32 ± 132.29 | 586.84 ± 123.74 | 581.90 ± 167.67 | 618.54 ± 139.05 | 0.657 |
| sPECAM-1 (ng/mL) | 69.17 ± 15.47 | 73.73 ± 15.59 | 69.93 ± 13.64 | 71.01 ± 18.41 | 65.08 ± 14.33 | 0.405 |
| FGF-21 (pg/mL) | 251.49 ± 162.01 | 241.04 ± 134.40 | 271.97 ± 218.01 | 257.66 ± 145.80 | 242.53 ± 159.93 | 0.886 |
| Vitamin D (ng/mL) | 14.77 ± 6.40 | 14.57 ± 5.70 | 17.15 ± 6.28 | 12.41 ± 5.71 | 14.99 ± 7.10 | 0.297 |
| Osteopontin (ng/mL) | 49.65 ± 11.06 | 49.86 ± 9.60 | 47.00 ± 11.60 | 51.50 ± 12.62 | 49.94 ± 11.04 | 0.772 |
| PINP (ng/mL) | 7.84 ± 2.10 | 7.06 (6.35, 8.39) |
7.64 (6.73, 7.95) |
8.05 (7.33, 8.42) |
7.41 (6.20, 8.82) |
0.334 |
| CTX-I (ng/mL) | 0.32 ± 0.13 | 0.29 (0.20, 0.43) |
0.30 (0.22, 0.34) |
0.29 (0.24, 0.32) |
0.28 (0.23, 0.33) |
0.647 |
| Gla-OC (ng/mL) | 10.52 ± 3.54 | 10.26 ± 2.66 | 9.81 ± 1.63 | 11.26 ± 3.90 | 10.55 ± 4.18 | 0.815 |
| Glu-OC (ng/mL) | 3.58 ± 2.61 | 3.38 ± 2.00 | 2.74 ± 1.61 | 3.46 ± 1.77 | 4.25 ± 3.60 | 0.420 |
| % Glu-OC | 24.40 ± 12.12 | 23.15 ± 10.26 | 21.17 ± 9.36 | 23.37 ± 9.30 | 27.27 ± 15.39 | 0.740 |
| Total-OC (ng/mL) | 14.09 ± 4.22 | 13.48 ± 3.47 | 12.52 ± 2.09 | 14.72 ± 4.79 | 14.80 ± 4.93 | 0.267 |
Significant difference between the 4 groups of subjects (n = 64) (one-way ANOVA or Kruskall−Wallis test for non-normally distributed variables, nominal data were analyzed by χ2 test), p < 0.05. 1 Mean ± SD, 2 Median (25–75%); all such values; * p < 0.05 CR+placebo group versus IS+placebo group, * p < 0.05 CR+placebo group versus IS+n-3 PUFA group. Abbreviations: BMI, body mass index; BP, blood pressure; CTX-I, c-terminal telopeptide of type I collagen; CR, caloric restriction; CRP, C-reactive protein; DHA, docosahexaenoic acid; EPA, eicosapentaenoic acid; FGF-21, fibroblast growth factor 21; GIP, glucose-dependent insulinotropic polypeptide; Gla-OC, carboxylated osteocalcin; Glu-OC, undercarboxylated osteocalcin; HDL, high-density lipoprotein; HOMA-IR, homeostatic model assessment; MCP-1, monocyte chemoattractant protein 1; NEFAs, nonesterified fatty acids; LDL, low-density lipoprotein; IL-6, interleukin 6; IS, isocaloric diet; OC, osteocalcin; PC, phosphatidylcholine; PINP, procollagen I n-terminal propeptide; RBC, red blood cells; sPECAM-1, soluble platelet endothelial cell adhesion molecule 1; sVCAM-1, soluble vascular cell adhesion protein 1; TGs, triglycerides; and WHR, waist-to-hip ratio.