Figure 1.

Effects of prenatal DEHP exposure and childhood exercise on maternal behaviors in postpartum dams. The pup retrieval test was performed postpartum, and the mean values of each responsive behavior were shown. There was a significant effect of DEHP on the first retrieval latency (a), the total retrieval time (b), the total number of retrieved pups (c), and the total licking time (d). No significant effects of DEHP and exercise on the total nursing time (e), and the total self-grooming time (f) were found in the present study. Data are presented in mean ± SEM (n = 12 in each group). *: p < 0.05; ***: p < 0.005; ****: p < 0.001.