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. 2021 Aug 31;13(9):1373. doi: 10.3390/pharmaceutics13091373

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Representative examples of 3D printed oral/vaginal/rectal drug delivery systems. (A) 3D model of the carbamazepine-loaded oral drug device for tonic seizures. Reproduced with permission from [180], Elsevier, 2016. Photograph of 3D printed oral drug carriers loaded with (B) budesonide (reproduced with permission from [183], Elsevier, 2015), (C) (upper) paracetamol, and (lower) 4-aminosalicylic acid (4-ASA). Reproduced with permission from [184], Elsevier, 2016. (D) Schematic illustration of torus-shaped multi-layered drug delivery device. Reproduced with permission from [185], Elsevier, 2009. (E) Computer-aided designs of suppository molds for (upper) rectal and (lower) vaginal and rectal routes. Reproduced with permission from [186], Elsevier, 2016.