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Autophagy signaling pathways involved in cancer-associated inflammation. Four signaling pathways, including (1) toll-like receptor (TLR) signaling cascade, (2) reactive oxygen species (ROS) signaling pathway, (3) inflammatory cytokine signaling pathway, and (4) IκB kinase (IKK)/Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) signaling axis, are shown in a schematic illustration. See the text for details. (TLR: toll-like receptor; ROS: reactive oxygen species; IKK: IκB kinase; NF-κB: Nuclear factor-κB).
