Table 1.

Signaling Pathways and Autophagy in Various Cancer Types.

Cancer Types	Signaling Pathways	Autophagy	Therapeutic Effects	Refs.
Hepatocellular Carcinoma	TLR4	↑	Positive	[16]
	TLR9	↑	Negative	[18]
	TNF-α	↓	Positive	[42]
Colorectal cancer	ROS	↑	Positive	[23]
Prostate Cancer	ROS	↑	Positive	[24]
Lung Cancer	IFN-γ	↑	Positive	[41]
Breast Cancer	TNF-α	↑	Negative	[46]
	IL-6	↓	Positive	[50]
Ovarian Cancer	IL-6	↓	Negative	[44]
	IL-8	↓	Negative	[45]
Head and Neck Squamous Cell Carcinoma	IL-6, IL-8	↑	Negative	[48]
Pancreatic Cancer	IL-6	↑	Positive	[49]

↑: Autophagy induction, ↓: Autophagy inhibition.