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. 2021 Sep 11;13(9):3169. doi: 10.3390/nu13093169

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© 2021 by the authors.

Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. This article is an open access article distributed under the terms and conditions of the Creative Commons Attribution (CC BY) license (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/).

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Harmful and protective factors implicated in the development of gastric ulcers. Blue boxes and arrows show the protective factors of the gastric mucosa, whereas orange boxes and arrows show harmful factors involved in the development of gastric ulcers. The purple dashed arrows and box show the level at which NSAIDs act to induce gastric ulcers in the gastric mucosa; on the other hand, the green dashed arrows and box show the different levels at which propolis can act to display its gastroprotective and antiulcerogenic properties. Finally, the red dashed arrows and box show the factors that lead to the development of gastric ulcers.