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. 2021 Sep 18;10(9):2463. doi: 10.3390/cells10092463

Figure 2.

Figure 2

Schematic diagram showing how mitochondrial biogenesis, dynamics, and mitophagy participate in the maturation of CMs. Multiple stimuli activate PGC-1, leading to the coactivation of key transcription factors involved in several aspects of mitochondrial and cellular function. Mitochondria dynamically change their morphology through the cycle of fusion and fission. The main fusion factors are OPA1, MFN1, and MFN2, which bind to the IMM and OMM of mitochondria. Drp1 is a major fission factor that binds to OMM and forms a ring-like structure around mitochondria, leading to the separation of mitochondria into two. Mff and Fis1 function as adaptors to recruit Drp1 to the OMM. Mitochondrial fission and mitophagy function as quality control to segregate and degrade immature or damaged mitochondria and to provide materials for mitochondrial biogenesis. Healthy mitochondria tend to fuse together and are believed to function well. The maturation of healthy mitochondria further promotes the maturation of CMs at structural and functional levels. IGF-1, insulin-like growth factor 1; PGC-1, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ coactivator 1; ERR, estrogen-related receptor; PPARs, peroxisome proliferator-activated receptors; NRF, nuclear respiratory factor; TFAM, transcription factor A, mitochondrial; TFBMs, mitochondrial transcription factor B; Fis1, fission protein-1; Mff, mitochondrial fission factor; OPA1, optic atrophy 1; MFN1, mitofusin 1; MFN2, mitofusin 2; PINK1, PTEN-induced kinase 1; OPTN, optineurin; NDP52, calcium binding and coiled-coil domain 2; LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B-light chain 3.