Table 1.

Iron and copper requirement of fish.

Fish Species	Copper a			Iron e
	mg kg−1	Main Response Criteria	Reference	mg kg−1	Main Response Criteria	Reference
Atlantic salmon	5–10	Liver Cu	[50]	60–100	H f, liver Fe	[51,52]
				60	Weight gain, H f, Liver Fe	[52]
Rainbow trout	3	Body, vertebral, liver Cu	[53]
Coho salmon	5.1–5.5	WG, body, vertebrae Cu	[48]
Channel catfish	5	Liver Cu–Zn SOD	[54]	30	WG, H f	[55]
Yellow catfish	3.1–4.2	WG b, Cu retention	[56]	55.7		[57]
Common carp	3 c	Body, vertebral, liver Cu	[53]	147.4	Serum Fe	[58]
Gibel carp				202	Hematocrit, liver Fe	[59]
Grass carp	4.7–5	WG, plasma ceruplasmin activity	[60]
Hybrid tilapia	4	WG, body Cu retention	[61]	150–160 g 85 e	Weight gain, hemoglobin, liver Fe	[62]
Japanese eel				170		[63]
Asian stinging catfish	5.2–5.7	WG, plasma ceruplasmin activity	[64]
Russian sturgeon	7–8	WG, whole body Cu, liver Cu–Zn SOD, serum ceruloplasmin activity	[65]
Red sea bream				150		[66]
Tongue sole	11–12	WG, serum Cu–Zn SOD activity	[67]
Malabar grouper	4–6	WG, liver Cu–Zn SOD activity, body Cu retention	[68]	100 h	Liver Fe	[69]
	2–3 d	WG, liver Cu–Zn SOD activity, body Cu retention	[70]
Yellow croaker	3.4–7	Serum Cu–Zn SOD activity, body and vertebral Cu	[71]
Cobia				80.5–94.7 e 71.3–75.1 i	WG, serum catalase activity	[72]

^a Unless specified, CuSO₄·5H₂O used as Cu supplement; ^b WG = weight gain; ^c CuCl₂ used as Cu supplement; ^d copper peptide used as Cu supplement; ^e unless specified, FeSO₄·6H₂O used as Fe supplement; ^f hematology; ^g ferric citrate used as Fe supplement; ^h requirement for orange-spotted grouper (Epinephelus coioides); ⁱ iron methionine used as Fe supplement.