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. 2021 Sep 1;13(9):3079. doi: 10.3390/nu13093079

Figure 1.

Figure 1

Regulatory effect of kaempferol on cytotoxicity and inflammation triggered by 12-O-tetradecanoyl phorbol-13-acetate (TPA). (A) Dose responses of TPA for 24 h in cell viability are shown. * p ≤ 0.01 vs. 0 µM. n = 3. (B) Time responses of 5 µM of TPA are shown. * p ≤ 0.01 vs. 0 h. n = 3. (C) Normal human dermal fibroblasts (NHDF) were treated with kaempferol and TPA for 24 h. * p ≤ 0.01 vs. control. # p ≤ 0.05 vs. TPA alone. n = 3. + and − represent the cells treated with and without agents, respectively. (D) NHDF was treated with TPA for 24 h. The effect of TPA on the expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was evaluated by qRT-PCR. * p ≤ 0.001 vs. control. n = 3. (E) NHDF was exposed to the TPA in the presence of kaempferol for 24 h. The IL-1β mRNA level is shown. * p ≤ 0.001 versus control. # p ≤ 0.05 vs. TPA alone. n = 3. (F) The level of IL-1β production regulated by kaempferol in TPA-treated NHDF for 24 h was quantified by ELISA. * p ≤ 0.01 vs. control. # p ≤ 0.01 vs. TPA alone. n = 3.