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. 2021 Sep 5;10(9):2101. doi: 10.3390/foods10092101

Table 3.

Volatile aromatic compounds (ng/g) in cookies at the EOBT using different sugar formulations.

SU Cookies FR Cookies GL Cookies
Compounds LRI Odour
Description
Tentative Origin 150 °C 25 min 170 °C 20 min 190 °C 15 min 150 °C 25 min 170 °C 20 min 190 °C 15 min 150 °C 20 min 170 °C 20 min 190 °C 15 min
Esters
Ethyl butanoate 1037 Fruity, sweet, apple LO 11.72a 4.25c 3.54c 13.50a 6.38b 4.61c 7.45b 7.09b 3.89c
Ethyl octanoate 1437 Fruity, wine, waxy LO 18.83a 12.78b 13.50b 23.10a 24.52a 16.34b 27.36a 19.19a 13.14b
Total 30.55 17.03 17.04 36.60 30.90 20.95 34.81 26.28 17.03
Ketones
2-Pentanone 980 Sweet, fruity, banana LO 17.76c 23.10c 21.67c 57.24b 51.55b 45.86bc 113.42a 80.00b 31.99c
Diacetyl 1062 Buttery, sweet, creamy MR nd c 2.47b 4.25b 6.38b 8.87a 12.43a 3.18b 2.12b 7.45a
2-Heptanone 1168 Fruity, spicy, sweet, herbal LO 222.24b 245.36b 292.66a 235.05b 216.55b 192.02b 285.19a 129.07c 107.73c
Acetoin 1290 Sweet, buttery, creamy, dairy MR 13.14c 10.65c 9.94c 37.32b 30.57b 32.34b 56.88a 33.77b 29.14b
2-Nonanone 1394 Roasty, cake crust, sweet LO 92.09a 110.94a 112.00a 70.04b 82.84b 78.93b 87.11b 81.77b 68.26b
4-cyclopentene-1,3-dione 1598 MR nd c 14.56b 10.65b 4.25b 13.85b 33.05a 7.45b 12.43b 40.52a
2-Undecanone 1605 Waxy, fruity, creamy, fatty LO 19.19a 17.76a 15.27a 17.76a 20.96a 17.05a 23.10a 22.74a 14.92a
Total 364.42 424.84 466.44 428.04 425.19 411.68 576.33 361.90 300.01
Aldheydes
Hexanal 1089 Green, fatty, leafy LO 84.26b 86.75b 106.31b 112.36b 93.15b 99.20b 200.20a 195.93a 118.05b
Heptanal 1189 Fatty, oily LO 81.77a 37.32b 22.03c 63.64a 33.41b 17.05c 65.06a 36.97b 16.70c
Octanal 1294 Aldehydic, waxy, citrus LO 10.30b 11.72b 18.83a 7.45b 8.16b 8.52b 10.30b 9.58b 10.65b
(E)-2-Heptenal 1329 Pungent, green, vegetable LO 2.47b 12.43a 15.27a 0.34b 6.74b 9.58a 8.87a 11.01a 4.25b
Nonanal 1400 Bready, cake crust LO 33.05a 44.79a 55.10a 36.61a 38.74a 33.41a 56.53a 44.79a 40.88a
(E)-2-Octenal 1425 Damp, earthy LO 6.38c 10.65c 9.23c 8.52c 11.36c 11.01c 65.42a 37.32b 18.83c
Benzaldehyde 1532 Sweet MR/LO 18.12b 26.30b 28.43b 57.95a 56.17a 53.68a 52.26a 51.90a 44.08a
4-Ethyl-benzaldehyde 1729 Almond, sweet MR 6.74b 7.45b 12.78a 10.30a 11.72a 15.63a 9.94a 12.78a 14.92a
Total 243.09 237.41 267.98 297.17 259.45 248.08 468.58 400.28 268.36
Alcohols
Pentanol 1242 Fusel oil, sweet balsamic LO 11.01b 12.07b 12.43b 11.01b 13.50b 13.14b 19.90a 17.05a 12.78b
1-Hexanol 1355 Ethereal, fusel oil, fruity LO 12.43b 11.36b 10.65b 9.58b 11.72b 9.94b 17.76a 11.01b 5.32b
Diacetone alcohol 1368 MR 3.54d 85.69c 161.43b 22.39d 207.66a 205.89a 3.54d 213.71a 224.73a
2-Ethyl-1-Hexanol 1489 Citrus, fresh, floral, oily LO 14.92a 14.56a 15.27a 15.63a 14.92a 14.21a 20.96a 19.90a 13.14a
β-Phenylethyl alcohol 1919 Rose, honey-like MR 9.23b 7.81b 4.96c 7.81b 10.30b 8.52b 15.27a 14.21a 6.03b
Phenol 2003 Phenolic, plastic 8.52a 9.94a 11.36a 3.89b 6.03b 4.96b 4.61b 6.03b 5.32b
Total 59.65 141.43 216.10 70.31 264.13 256.66 82.04 281.91 267.32
Terpenes
Limonene 1183 Citrus, lemon 10.30b 12.07a 12.78a 6.74c 8.16c 6.03c 14.21a 10.30b 5.67c
C13-Norisoprenoids
4-Methyl-3-penten-2-one 1129 Musty, nutty chocolate 20.25a 7.09b 5.67b 1.05c 6.03b 9.58b nd d nd d nd d
6-Methyl-5-hepten-2-one 1340 Fruity, musty apple 9.23b 13.85a 12.78a 4.25c 2.83c 5.32c 7.09b 7.81b 6.38b
(E)-Geranyl acetone 1862 Fresh, rose, leafy, floral nd c 19.90a 23.81a 5.67b 7.81b 7.09b 14.21a 19.19a nd c
Total 29.48 40.84 42.26 10.97 16.67 21.99 21.3 27.00 6.38
Acids
Acetic acid 1464 Pungent, sour, vinegar MR, C 1.40c 13.85b 12.43b 14.92b 17.41b 31.28a 12.07b 15.99b 19.54b
Pyrazines
2-Methylpyrazine 1269 Roasted, burnt, sweet MR/LO 2.47c 5.32b 7.09a 3.18b 4.25b 4.25b 4.25b 2.12c nd d
Furanoic compounds
2-Pentyl-furan 1221 Floral, fruity, green, earthy F, LO, MR 56.00b 56.99b 22.30c 62.93b 56.49b 36.67c 94.65a 61.94b 27.75c
Dihydro-2-methyl-3(2H)-furanone 1264 Woody, bready MR, CR 4.96c 6.38c 6.74c 13.50b 20.61a 21.67a 13.50b 18.83a 25.23a
Furfural 1468 Spicy, bready MR, R 159.56c 167.59c 588.56a 291.02b 639.24a 651.28a 279.48b 616.66a 730.06a
Acetyl furan 1509 Bready, caramel MR 0.53c 26.47b 43.94a 5.29c 35.47a 48.70a 7.94c 21.18b 33.35a
5-Methyl-Furfural 1584 Sweet, caramellic, bready MR 10.04d 23.58c 47.17a 9.53d 36.63b 31.11b 6.52d 37.63b 55.69a
Dihydro-2(3H)-Furanone (γ-Butyrolactone) 1648 Burnt, sweet cream F, MR 11.01c 18.47b 23.45b 29.85b 42.66a 47.28a 37.68a 40.88a 44.08a
Furfuryl alcohol 1666 Biscuit, cake crust, caramelised LO, MR, CR 17.41d 102.85b 120.78b 74.37c 152.95b 310.13a 31.12d 53.80c 87.55b
Total 259.51 402.33 852.94 486.49 984.05 1146.84 470.89 850.92 1003.71

SU cookies: cookies formulated with sucrose; FR cookies: cookies formulated with fructose; GL cookies: cookies formulated with glucose. LO = lipid oxidation; MR = Maillard reaction; C = caramellisation; F = fermentation; different letters in the same row indicate a statistically significant differences (p < 0.05).