Table 1.
ANOVA of demographic characteristics and lifestyle behaviors on sleep quality (PSQI-V Scores) (N = 369).
| Factors | n | % | Mean | SD | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Gender | ||||||
| Female | 242 | 65.6 | 5.87 | 2.64 | 2.536 | 0.112 |
| Male | 127 | 34.4 | 5.38 | 3.11 | ||
| Year of study | ||||||
| Freshmen | 75 | 20.3 | 5.65 | 2.78 | 1.166 | 0.322 |
| Sophomore | 155 | 42.0 | 5.45 | 2.73 | ||
| Junior | 111 | 30.1 | 6.10 | 2.79 | ||
| Senior | 28 | 7.6 | 5.61 | 3.39 | ||
| Department | ||||||
| Nursing | 222 | 60.2 | 5.70 | 2.62 | 0.108 | 0.898 |
| Law | 84 | 22.8 | 5.61 | 3.00 | ||
| Electronics | 63 | 17.0 | 5.83 | 3.22 | ||
| Living status | ||||||
| Family | 168 | 45.5 | 5.31 | 2.80 | 2.395 | 0.093 |
| Alone | 138 | 37.4 | 6.16 | 3.06 | ||
| Friend(s) | 63 | 17.1 | 5.85 | 2.70 | ||
| Caffeinated drink consumption a | ||||||
| No | 177 | 48.0 | 5.42 | 2.86 | 3.420 | 0.065 |
| Yes | 192 | 52.0 | 5.96 | 2.75 | ||
| Coffee | ||||||
| No | 312 | 15.4 | 5.55 | 2.74 | 5.655 | 0.018 |
| Yes | 57 | 84.6 | 6.51 | 3.09 | ||
| Tea | ||||||
| No | 339 | 8.1 | 5.68 | 2.79 | 0.226 | 0.635 |
| Yes | 30 | 91.9 | 5.93 | 3.11 | ||
| Milk tea | ||||||
| No | 253 | 31.4 | 5.56 | 2.810 | 2.053 | 0.153 |
| Yes | 116 | 68.6 | 6.01 | 2.805 | ||
| Energy drinks | ||||||
| No | 331 | 10.3 | 5.66 | 2.81 | 0.484 | 0.487 |
| Yes | 38 | 89.7 | 6.00 | 2.85 | ||
| Soft drinks | ||||||
| No | 303 | 17.9 | 5.62 | 2.76 | 1.442 | 0.231 |
| Yes | 66 | 83.1 | 6.08 | 3.03 | ||
| Alcohol consumption b | ||||||
| No | 236 | 64.0 | 5.45 | 2.60 | 5.055 | 0.025 |
| Yes | 133 | 36.0 | 6.14 | 3.11 | ||
| Smoking | ||||||
| No | 353 | 95.7 | 5.68 | 2.76 | 0.503 | 0.478 |
| Yes | 16 | 4.3 | 6.19 | 3.90 | ||
| Exercise c | ||||||
| No | 231 | 62.6 | 6.01 | 2.61 | 7.611 | 0.006 |
| Yes | 138 | 37.4 | 5.18 | 3.07 | ||
a Determined by the response to “Did you usually consume any caffeinated drinks after 4 pm more than twice per week during the past month?” b Determined by the response to “Did you typically consume any alcohol after 4 pm in the past month?” c Determined by the response to “Did you exercise last month at least three times per week?”.