Table 3.
ANOVA of ED-use behaviors on sleep quality (PSQI-V Score) (N = 369).
| Factors | N | % | Mean | SD | F | p |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| ED use | ||||||
| No | 7 | 1.9 | 3.43 | 1.40 | 4.696 | 0.031 |
| Yes | 362 | 98.1 | 5.74 | 2.82 | ||
| ED use frequency | ||||||
| Daily | 320 | 88.4 | 5.85 | 2.88 | 1.847 | 0.138 |
| Sometimes/week | 38 | 10.5 | 4.97 | 2.19 | ||
| Once/week | 2 | 0.6 | 3.50 | 0.71 | ||
| 1–3 times/month | 2 | 0.6 | 6.00 | 2.83 | ||
| ED use duration | ||||||
| No use (0) | 7 | 1.9 | 3.43 | 1.397 | 9.842 | 0.000 a |
| 15–30 min (1) | 63 | 17.1 | 4.38 | 2.03 | (4) > (2) > (1) b; | |
| 30–60 min (2) | 103 | 27.9 | 5.40 | 2.42 | (4) > (0) | |
| 1–2 h (3) | 107 | 29.0 | 5.93 | 2.98 | (3) > (1) b; (3) > (0) | |
| >2 h (4) | 89 | 24.1 | 6.88 | 3.06 | ||
| ED location while sleeping | ||||||
| Under a pillow (1) | 24 | 6.5 | 6.71 | 3.41 | 3.722 | 0.012 |
| In bed (2) | 232 | 62.9 | 5.91 | 2.80 | (1) > (3) c | |
| In the bedroom but 5 m or more from the bed (3) | 106 | 28.7 | 5.08 | 2.61 | (2) > (3) c | |
| Outside the bedroom (4) | 7 | 1.9 | 4.43 | 2.22 | ||
| Adjust ED’s screen display light | ||||||
| No | 110 | 30.4 | 5.91 | 2.72 | 2.884 | 0.090 |
| Yes | 252 | 69.6 | 5.36 | 3.01 | ||
| ED mode while sleeping | ||||||
| Normal | 185 | 50.1 | 5.55 | 2.64 | 0.164 | 0.921 |
| Airplane | 92 | 24.9 | 5.68 | 2.69 | ||
| Silent | 49 | 13.3 | 5.95 | 3.24 | ||
| Vibrate | 43 | 11.7 | 5.70 | 2.99 | ||
Note. EDs = Electronic devices a Using Levene Statistics based on the homogeneity of variance tests p-value < 0.05. b Post hoc test by using Dunnett’s T3 test based on the significant homogeneity of variances. c Post hoc test by using the least significant difference test based on the homogeneity of variances assumed.