Figure 3.

Metabolomics profiling of LBMD and controls. (a) An orthogonal partial least squares discriminant (OPLS-DA) analysis of the LBMD versus control metabolomics profile demonstrating clear cluster segregation between both groups (Q² = 0.986, R² = 0.994). (b) Venn diagram showing the dysregulated metabolites detected between LBMD and control groups after applying the fold-change (FC cutoff = 1.5 and p-value < 0.05), where 52 and 42 metabolites were up- and downregulated (total 94 metabolites) in LBMD patients compared to control, respectively. (c) A pathway analysis plot demonstrating the main pathways involved in the metabolic alterations based on the 94 dysregulated metabolites.