Table 1.
Endophytic fungi promote plant tolerance to both biotic and abiotic stresses.
| Endophytic Fungi Derived from Plants | Endophytic Fungi | Host Plant | Stress Type | Mechanism of Action | Reference |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| / |
Paecilomyces formosus LHL10, Penicillium funiculosu-m LHL06 |
Soybean (Glycine max L.) | Heavy metals; drought, high temperature | Promote photosynthetic activity, glutathione, catalase, and SOD activities; decrease lipid peroxidation; downregulate heavy metal ATPase gene expression; reduce ABA and IA levels |
[87] |
| Suaeda salsa | Sordariomycetes sp. | Oryza sativa | Heavy metals: Pb2+ | Maintain photosystem II function | [88] |
| Tomato | Penicillium janthinellum LK5 | tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) |
Heavy metals: Al | Reduce damage to root structure and essential lipid membrane Regulate antioxidants and endogenous salicylic acid |
[89] |
|
Aeschynomene fluminensis, Polygonum acuminatum |
Aspergillus sp. A31, Curvularia geniculata P1, Lindgomycetaceae P87, Westerdykella sp. P71 |
Aeschynomene fluminensis, Zea mays | Heavy metals: Hg | IAA production; phosphate solubilization; siderophore production; decrease mercury translocation factor; remediate mercury in vitro via mycelial volatilization and biosorption/bioaccumulation |
[90] |
| Cucumber | Paecilomyces formosus LHL10 | Glycine max L. | Heavy metals: Ni | Enhance chlorophyll content; Reduce lipid peroxidation; Antioxidant production (LNA, GSH, PPO, CAT, SOD) Enhance the translocation of Ni from the root to the shoot |
[91] |
| Cucumber | Penicillium funiculosum LHL06 | Glycine max L. | Heavy metals: Ni, Cu, Pb, Cr, Al) | GA production; IAA production; downregulation of heavy metal transporter genes; activate signaling network of stress-responsive hormones and antioxidant systems |
[92] |
|
Bischofia
polycarpa |
Phomopsis liquidambaris B3 | Rice (Oryza sativa L.) |
Organic pollutants | Increase root viability, chlorophyll content and energy supply; increase the PPO activity and SOD activity in shoot; degrade PHE absorbed into rice; |
[93] |
| Clerodendrum serratum (L) Moon | Streptomyces sp. GMKU 336 | Rice | Salinity stress | ACCD production; removal of active oxygen; counter ion content |
[94] |
| / | Piriformosporaindica | Arabidopis thaliana | Salinity stress | Increase expression of the ion channels; increase plant biomass, lateral roots density, and chlorophyll content |
[95] |
| / | Arbuscular mycorrhizal fungi | Ephedra foliata Boiss | Drought | Upregulate antioxidant defense system; synthesis of osmolytes; maintain phytohormone levels; |
[96] |
| Clerodendrum serratum (L.) Moon | Streptomyces sp. GMKU 336 | Mung bean | Water | ACCD production; enhance chlorophyll content and biomass; |
[97] |
| Potato | Rhizophagus irregularis | Potato | Biotic stress (potato virus Y) | Decrease the level of shoot- and root-derived H2O2; mask infection by PVY |
[98] |
| / | Trichoderma harzianum T-78 | Tomato (Solanum lycopersicum) |
Biotic stress (Meloidogyne incognita) | Prime SA-regulated defences; enhanced JA-regulated defences; |
[99] |
| Panax notoginsen-g | Trichoderma gamsii YIM PH30019 | Panax notoginseng | Biotic stress (Pathogen) | Produce effective antagonistic active ingredients (dimethyl disulfide, dibenzofuran, methanethiol, ketones) | [100] |